https://bit.ly/wkg-pu-2022

Abstract:

A model of the universe is postulated in which space and time expand together. It is Minkowski in one coordinate system, say 𝜏,𝜂⃗; but our usual physical coordinates, say 𝑡,𝑥⃗, must be scaled by a time dependent length scale, 𝛿(𝑡). The Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar both vanish identically in both spaces so there is no curvature. As a result the Einstein Field equations reduce to a balance between the time dependent spatially averaged stress energy tensor, 𝜏𝜇𝑣 and its scalar invariant, 𝑇/2 times the metric tensor. 𝑇 is shown in turn to be uniquely determined by the gravitational constant, 𝐺, the speed of light, 𝑐, and 𝛿(𝑡). The divergence of 𝑇𝜇𝑛𝑢 is not zero, so energy is not conserved. The divergence of 𝑇𝜇𝑣−𝑇𝑔𝜇𝑣 is zero, however, and the conserved quantity is 𝐺∗=𝜌𝑐2/𝐺𝛿2(𝑡) where 𝜌 is the rest mass density and is 𝐺∗Quantum Field Theory prediction the so-called ‘Worst Prediction in the History of Physics’.

The implications of this single time-dependent length scale hypothesis for our physical space, say (𝑡,𝑥⃗), are explored using the rules of tensor analysis. These imply that the length scale grows exponentially with 𝜏 and linearly with 𝑡, Since the universe is assumed infinite, this is just the length scale and the visible horizon which is different for each observer. The Hubble parameter is just 𝐻̃=1/𝑡 where 𝑡 is the age of the universe. Thus the universe expansion rate is slowing down, not speeding up. The Hubble parameter can be expressed in terms of the red-shift parameter, 𝑧, as 𝐻(𝑧)=𝐻0[1+𝑧] where 𝐻0 is its current value. A value of 𝐻0=63.6 𝑘𝑚/𝑠/𝑀𝑝𝑐 is shown to provide excellent agreement with a large number of observations. This implies that the universe began 15.4 billion years ago.

An important conclusion is that there is no need for dark energy to feed the expansion, since neither mass nor energy are conserved quantities. Excellent agreement is demonstrated with recent astronomical measurements, including supernovae, clusters, and the cosmic background data. These are the same data previously used to argue for Dark Energy and an accelerating universe. Finally, a roadmap for astronomers is presented for analysis (or re-analysis) of existing and future data.

Biography:

William K. George is the Professor Emeritus at Chalmers University in Sweden and Visiting Professor at Imperial College and he was the EU Marie Curie Professor. He is known for his research in theoretical and experimental turbulence. His awards and honors include: ASME Fellow, APS Fellow, and the Freeman Scholar Award from the ASME, the 2008 DCAMM scholar award from the Danish Center for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. He was also a distinguished research Fellow of the British Royal Engineering Academy and CNRS; and during 2013-2014 he was the William R. Kenan Jr Professor of Distinguished Teaching at Princeton University.