ENGR 13200 is the second and final course in the First-Year Engineering sequence. As such, it builds upon the knowledge, skills, and practices covered in ENGR 13100. In ENGR 13200, students are introduced to basic programming concepts and constructs via the MATLAB programming language. Engineers use tools, including MATLAB, to work with and analyze data when making evidence-based decisions both individually and on their student teams.

Course Information

Course Number: ENGR 13200
Title: Transforming Ideas to Innovation II
Credit Hours: 2.0
Prerequisite: ENGR 13100
Term: Fall 2021 (202110) – Mon 8/23 to Wed 12/9
Sections:

Sec #	CRN	Meeting Times (ET)	Classroom	Brightspace Page
002	24465	Tue 9:30-11:20 AM Thu 9:30-11:20 AM	WALC 1087 WALC 1087	Fall 2021 ENGR 13200-002 SD
004	11777	Mon 1:30-3:20 PM Wed 1:30-3:20 PM	ARMS B061 ARMS B098	Fall 2021 ENGR 13200-004 SD
005	11784	Mon 3:30-5:20 PM Wed 3:30-5:20 PM	ARMS B061 ARMS B098	Fall 2021 ENGR 13200-005 SD

Instructor Contact Information

Sec #	CRN	Instructor Name	Email
002	24465	Danilo Branco	dbranco@purdue.edu
004	11777	Tamara Moore	tamara@purdue.edu
005	11784	Ed Berger	bergere@purdue.edu

Teaching Teams

Each section of ENGR 13200 is served by a teaching team that normally includes one instructor, one graduate teaching assistant (GTA), four undergraduate teaching assistants called Peer Teachers (PTs), and two undergraduate graders. See Contact Info under Content > Get Help in Brightspace for more contact information regarding your section’s instructor and GTA.  For answers to administrative questions, contact your instructor and/or your GTA; you may also contact the Instructional Support Team via ops-center@purdue.edu.

Learning Outcomes

In ENGR 13200, you will learn to:

• apply basic programming concepts to the solution of engineering problems,
• represent and interpret data in multiple formats,
• develop, select, modify, and justify mathematical models to solve an engineering problem,
• function effectively as a member of a team, and
• demonstrate habits of a professional engineer.

Learning Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Develop code solutions that address engineering questions and follow professional programming standards. 
• Understand and implement basic and intermediate programming structures: sequential structures, selection structures, repetition structures, and nested structures. 
• Create adaptable, reusable programming routines.
• Read and apply flowcharts as a visual representation of a process.
• Analyze and model data using regression techniques.
• Make appropriate predictions using a mathematical model. 
• Apply design ideas to programming solutions.
• Use evidence to evaluate, test, and optimize ideas and solutions
• Communicate engineering concepts, ideas, and decisions effectively and professionally in diverse ways such as written, visual, and oral.
• Contribute to team products and discussions. 
• Design high quality technical solutions that meet client and user needs.

Course Content

ENGR 13200 covers the following topics during the semester:

• MATLAB Basics: Calculations, Scripts, Importing Data, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Plotting Data, User-Defined Functions, Selection Structures, While Loops, For Loops, and Complex Loops
• Linear Regression and Non-linear Regression
• Programming Standards and Flowcharts
• Teaming: Team Dynamics, Team Member Roles, Diversity, Teamwork Dimensions, Code of Cooperation, Peer & Team Evaluation, and Dealing with Issues
• Team Project: Brainstorming, Algorithm Development, Data Analysis, Mathematical Modeling, Regression, Solution Refinement, and Technical Brief Development

Class Organization

You will attend two 110-minute class sessions each week. These sessions are labeled as 1A, 1B, 2A, etc. where the number indicates the week, and the letter the first (A) or second (B) class of the week. Each class will be held online. Prior to class, you will watch pre-class videos and take pre-class quizzes. Your instructor will assume you have completed these tasks prior to each class session. During class, you will participate in lectures that build upon the topics covered in the videos and quizzes, participate in activities, and start working on homework assignments. After class, you will complete and submit the activities and homework assignments.

Teaming

You will be assigned to a team in this course. On this team, you will complete many assignments and activities. Your performance as a team member is part of your course grade. 

Required Materials

• Textbook: No textbook is required. All required readings, pre-class videos, assignments, etc. are available on Brightspace or are accessible via links provided on Brightspace.
• Laptop Computers: You are responsible to provide and maintain your own laptop or desktop computer. 

Software Tools

You will use the following software in ENGR 13200.

• Brightspace: The ENGR 13200 teaching team will communicate with you primarily via Brightspace outside of class. Within Brightspace, you will have access to course announcements, schedules, assignments, practice exams, grades, feedback, and course resources. Preferred browser: Information Technology at Purdue (ITaP) recommends Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox when accessing Brightspace. If you are using another browser or a mobile device, you may be unable to access some Brightspace content. 
• Zoom: Some meetings with an instructional team member may be handled via Zoom.
• Messaging Tools: Your section may use a messaging tool, such as Slack or Discord, to make communication with the teaching team and each other easier and more useful. See your section’s slides, your section’s Brightspace, and/or any emails your instructor has sent to set this up and learn to use it.
• Gradescope: You will submit homework assignments and exams to Gradescope for grading. 
• CATME: You will use CATME to submit information used for Team Formation and Peer & Team Evaluations. 
• MATLAB: Purdue offers a free campus-wide MATLAB license to current students. You may set up your account with Mathworks via https://www.mathworks.com/academia/tah-support-program/eligibility.html. Just fill out the required information on the form and click the Submit button. Then you may use the online version or download the license to your PC.
• MS Office: Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
• Adobe: PDF
• Other software as identified by your instructor.

Support

During class, you can obtain help with understanding course topics and assignments from the various members of the teaching team. Help sessions are also available each week as scheduled by your instructor. Students with disabilities can receive further assistance from the Disability Resource Center (DRC), and students suffering with mental health issues can receive additional support from Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS).

Help Sessions

Graduate teaching assistants and peer teachers provide ENGR 13200 help sessions each week.  Attendance at help sessions is an opportunity for you to receive guidance in determining answers to specific questions. See Brightspace for scheduled times and locations; go to Content > Get Help and then locate the Help Sessions entry in the folder. Additional help is also available from your GTA and instructor; contact them for more information. 

Students with Disabilities

Purdue University strives to make learning experiences as accessible as possible.  If you anticipate or experience physical or academic barriers based on disability, please discuss options with your instructor.  You are also encouraged to contact the Disability Resource Center (contact information below).  If you are eligible for academic accommodations because you have a documented disability that will affect your work in this class and/or at an exam, please schedule an appointment with your instructor or see a member of the Instructional Support Team (IST) in ARMS B122 as soon as possible to discuss your needs. At these meetings, bring your “Letter of Accommodation” that you obtained from the Disability Resource Center (DRC: drc@purdue.edu or 765-494-1247) so that your instructor and the IST can make proper accommodations for you.

Resources for Mental Health

Purdue University is committed to advancing the mental health and well-being of its students.

If you find yourself beginning to feel some stress, anxiety and/or feeling slightly overwhelmed, try WellTrack. Sign in and find information and tools at your fingertips, available to you at any time. 

If you need support and information about options and resources, please contact or see the Office of the Dean of Students. Call 765-494-1747. Hours of operation are M-F, 8 am- 5 pm.

 If you find yourself struggling to find a healthy balance between academics, social life, stress, etc. sign up for free one-on-one virtual or in-person sessions with a Purdue Wellness Coach at RecWell. Student coaches can help you navigate through barriers and challenges toward your goals throughout the semester. Sign up is completely free and can be done on BoilerConnect. If you have any questions, please contact Purdue Wellness at evans240@purdue.edu.

If you’re struggling and need mental health services: Purdue University is committed to advancing the mental health and well-being of its students. If you or someone you know is feeling overwhelmed, depressed, and/or in need of mental health support, services are available. For help, such individuals should contact Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS) at 765-494-6995 during and after hours, on weekends and holidays, or by going to the CAPS office of the second floor of the Purdue University Student Health Center (PUSH) during business hours. 

Evaluating Proficiency

The teaching team will assess your performance via individual assignments, team assignments, and exams. This section specifies how the points you earn lead to the assignment of your grades and how you can make a re-grade request.

Grades

The teaching team will assign your semester grade according to the total points you earn as detailed in the table below. Note: The teaching team will not round up your semester grade.

Grade	Value
A	Greater than or equal to 94.0%
A-	Greater than or equal to 90.0% and less than 94.0%
B+	Greater than or equal to 87.0% and less than 90.0%
B	Greater than or equal to 84.0% and less than 87.0%
B-	Greater than or equal to 80.0% and less than 84.0%
C+	Greater than or equal to 77.0% and less than 80.0%
C	Greater than or equal to 74.0% and less than 77.0%
C-	Greater than or equal to 70.0% and less than 74.0%
D	Greater than or equal to 60.0% and less than 70.0%
F	Less than 60.0%

To pass ENGR 13200 and move on to an engineering school program, you must satisfy the following two requirements:

1. Your final grade in ENGR 13200 must be a C- or better (minimum of 70%).
2. You must demonstrate sufficient mastery of the first two learning outcomes cited at the beginning of this syllabus by earning at least 50% of the possible points on the Pre-Class Quizzes, MATLAB assignments (individual portions), and Concept Quizzes, combined. 

Points are earned as shown in the table below. While some points are earned individually, ~35% of the total points are earned for work performed and submitted as a team. Failure to adequately engage in team activities may result in individual loss of credit on work that was turned in as a team.  

Category	Total Points	Description
Pre-Class Quizzes	75	Class preparation is an important aspect of this course, and it typically involves watching one or more Pre-Class Videos and then checking your understanding of the topics by taking the associated Pre-Class Quizzes. Each quiz may be taken up to three times.
Class Participation	50	You will earn participation points for each class by completing associated activities. Please note that due dates are set to accommodate all students – both on-campus and online – regardless of their time zones.
MATLAB Assignments	225	These weekly assignments provide you an opportunity to build upon your understanding of the various MATLAB programming topics.
Concept Quizzes	240	You will show you mastery of the MATLAB and other course topics via three quizzes.
Team Project	180	Your team will work through a set of milestones that are set within an engineering context.
Team Member Effectiveness	80	To develop teaming knowledge and skills, you will assigned to a team that will develop a code of cooperation and learn how to assess team member contribution and resolve teaming issues.
Other	15	You will complete a few assignments related to academic integrity, technology, and course feedback.
Total	865

Grading

The purpose of grading is to assess your understanding and utilization of the concepts taught in the course, and to provide you with feedback about the strengths and weaknesses evident in your work. Full credit may be awarded on items that are mostly correct even if the work still contains errors in understanding. Therefore, it is important that you not only check your score on a particular assignment or exam, but also review the feedback provided by the graders. This feedback will help you improve your understanding of the concepts being assessed and, in turn, improve your performance on future work. 

Concerns About Grading

Most grading for this course will happen in Gradescope. Use Gradescope’s Regrade Request tool to submit an explanation of the issue if you have concerns about how an assignment was graded. Regrade requests are only open for a limited time after grades have been posted – 7 days normally, but less at the end of the semester. Your request must be concise and professional. Please see Communication with the Teaching Team (below) for proper communication etiquette.

Professional Expectations

Each Professional Expectation (PE) in ENGR 13200 reinforces the idea that everyone in our learning environment helps shape the environment so that it is positive and productive for all. This includes arriving to class on time and being prepared, listening and taking during the lecture, focusing on course activities during class, controlling your behavior to minimize distractions to those around, and engaging with others in a respectful and professional manner.

Academic Integrity

You are a member of the Purdue community—a community that values integrity. You are expected to be familiar with and to abide by the following university policies and procedures:

Statement of Integrity and Code of Conduct

Code of Honor

 You are also expected to fulfill Purdue’s student-created honor pledge:

“As a Boilermaker pursuing academic excellence, I pledge to be honest and true in all that I do.  Accountable together – We are Purdue.”

Academic dishonesty is defined by Purdue as “cheating, plagiarism, or knowingly furnishing false information to the University.” Academic dishonesty includes, but is not limited to the following:

• Looking at another student’s paper during a test
• Submitting homework obtained from another student
• Allowing someone else to do the work and then submitting it under your own name
• Helping someone else commit academic dishonesty, such as giving them homework to copy or allowing them to cheat from your test paper
• Copying word for word or lifting phrases or special terms from a source or reference without proper attribution (plagiarism)
• Allowing someone else to access your Purdue computer accounts or computer files

Academic integrity is one of the highest values that Purdue University holds. Individuals are encouraged to alert university officials to potential breaches of this value by either emailing integrity@purdue.edu or by calling 765-494-8778.  While you may submit information anonymously, the more information you provide the greater the opportunity for the university to investigate the concern.

In ENGR 13200, you will submit both individual and team assignments. While team assignments are understood to be the work of a team, individual assignments you submit must be your own work. For further information, refer to Academic Integrity under Knowledge Base on Brightspace.

The FYE instructional team periodically checks student work for various forms of academic dishonesty. This check is performed manually and also via automated similarity checkers such as MOSS (Link to MOSS). If academic dishonesty occurs, consequences may include:

• A zero on the entire assignment or exam in question
• Forwarding your name to the Office of the Dean of Students
• A lowered or failing grade in the course

Attendance

Maintaining contact with your instructor, class, and team is an important part of your success in the virtual classroom. You are expected to attend classes and participate in the in-class activities virtually. You and your team will both benefit from your participation. Each class session will have an interactive activity that you are expected to complete, and this activity contributes to your final grade (see Class Participation in the Grades section).

Please notify your instructor via email if you have an exceptional situation that makes attending virtual class difficult, such as a severe or prolonged illness, medical or family emergency, or an approved grief absence from the Office of the Dean of Students. (Link to Student Regulations from the Dean of Students)

If you are unable to make direct contact with your instructor because of circumstances beyond your control, and in cases of bereavement, quarantine, or isolation, the student or the student’s representative should contact the Office of the Dean of Students via email or phone at 765-494-1747. Our course Brightspace includes a link on Attendance and Grief Absence policies under the University Policies menu.

Notes:

• Because you will often spend class time working with your team and because many assignments are team assignments, you should make sure that you notify your team members if you will be absent for any reason, planned or unplanned.
• Only your instructor can excuse you from a course requirement or responsibility. When conflicts can be anticipated, such as for many University-sponsored activities and religious observations, you should inform you instructor of the situation as far in advance as possible. 
• For unanticipated or emergency conflict, when advance notification to your instructor is not possible, you should contact your instructor as soon as possible by email. 
• If you are unable to make direct contact with your instructor because of circumstances beyond your control, and in cases of bereavement, quarantine, or isolation, you or your representative should contact the Office of the Dean of Students via email or phone at 765-494-1747. 

Concept Quizzes:

• If you must be absent on the day of a concept quiz, communicate with your instructor and graduate teaching assistant (GTA) as soon as possible before the exam.
• If you miss a quiz due to circumstances beyond your control, communicate with your instructor and graduate teaching assistant (GTA) as soon as possible after the exam.

COVID-19:

• If you feel ill, have any symptoms associated with COVID-19, or suspect you have been exposed to the virus, you should stay home and contact the Protect Purdue Health Center (496-INFO). In the current context of COVID-19, in-person attendance will not be a factor in the final grades, but you still need to inform your instructor of any conflict that can be anticipated and will affect the submission of an assignment or the ability to take a quiz.
• If you become quarantined or isolated at any point in time during the semester, in addition to support from the Protect Purdue Health Center (765-496-4636), you will also have access to an Academic Case Manager who can provide you academic support during this time. Your Academic Case Manager can be reached at acmq@purdue.eduand will provide you with general guidelines/resources around communicating with your instructors, be available for academic support, and offer suggestions for how to be successful when learning remotely. Importantly, if you find yourself too sick to progress in the course, notify your academic case manager and notify your instructor via email so that arrangements can be made based on your particular situation. 

Safe Health Practices 

The Protect Purdue Plan, which includes the Protect Purdue Pledge, is campus policy and, as such, all members of the Purdue community must comply with the required health and safety guidelines. When on campus or in West Lafayette, be sure to protect yourself, others at Purdue, and others in the community by following the safe health guidelines stipulated in the Protect Purdue Pledge. This includes:

• Maintain appropriate safe distancing, especially in classroom settings or the presence of older members of the community.
• Staying home if your feel ill or after exposure to someone who is ill or has tested positive for COVID-19.
• Wearing an appropriate face mask and other protective gear as directed by the university. 
• Refraining from moving furniture unless directed to do so by your instructor.
• Avoiding shared use of personal items.
• Maintaining robust hygiene (e.g., handwashing, disposal of tissues) prior to, during and after class.
• Following all safety directions from your instructor.
• Be positive, attentive, and helpful to anyone around who may be in need of support.

Students who are not complying with these guidelines (e.g., wearing a mask) will be offered the opportunity to comply. If non-compliance continues, possible results include instructors asking the student to leave class and instructors dismissing the whole class. Students who do not comply with the required health behaviors are violating the University Code of Conduct and will be reported to the Dean of Students Office with sanctions ranging from educational requirements to dismissal from the university.

Any student who has substantial reason to believe that another person on campus (e.g., in the classroom) is threatening the safety of others by not complying (e.g., not wearing a mask) may leave the room without consequence. The student is encouraged to report the behavior to and discuss next steps with their instructor. Students also have the option of reporting the behavior to the Office of the Student Rights and Responsibilities. See also Purdue University Bill of Student Rights. 

Dress Code

In a typical face-to-face class, personal hygiene and proper attire are important. Out of respect for yourself and your classmates, please come to class clean, free of odors, and dressed in a way that is appropriate for all class activities and is respectful, non-distracting, and non-offensive to others. 

In a virtual environment, it remains important to dress in a way that is appropriate for all class activities and is respectful, non-distracting, and non-offensive to others. This also applies to the visual background image that you display via your video camera. Further, request any others in your room that they should also be professional in appearance and dress during the virtual session. 

Food & Drink

In accordance with the Protect Purdue Plan, no food or drink is allowed in the ENGR 13200 classrooms.

PE Deductions

The instructional team may deduct points from your semester total for unprofessional behavior that is disruptive to your class or to your team’s dynamics and performance. 

Late Work

On-time submission of assignments, quizzes, and exams is vital to successful performance in this course. Unless a special case applies, late work is either not accepted or accepted with penalty as specified for each grading category as follows: 

Category	Late Work
Pre-class  Quizzes	Not accepted.
Class Participation	Not accepted.
MATLAB Assignments	Late work will be accepted up to 24 hours after the due date,  but with a 25% penalty.
Concept Quizzes	Not accepted.
Team Project	Not accepted.
Team Member Effectiveness	Late work will only be accepted for three assignments – Code of Cooperation, Team Flyer, and Code of Cooperation Revisit – up to 24 hours after the due date, but with a 25% penalty. Not accepted for the Teamwork Modeling & Measurement Quizzes, and not accepted for the CATME assignments – Team Formation and the Peer & Team Evaluations.
Other	Not accepted.

Special cases: Late work may be accepted if you experience an approved grief absence or an exceptional situation such as a severe or prolonged illness, or a medical or family emergency. In these situations, provide supporting documentation and arrange submission of your late work with your instructor and graduate teaching assistant (GTA).

Communication with the Teaching Team

When communicating with members of your ENGR 13200 teaching team, your email must originate from your Purdue email account and include:

• your name
• ENGR 13200 section number and team number (once teams are assigned)
• topic (e.g. assignment name)
• a detailed description of your concern

Allow at least 24 hours for emails to be answered. 

For professional communication, make sure your email is:

• appropriately addressed to the recipient (e.g., not “Hey,” but “Dear Professor”), 
• includes a helpful subject line with ENGR 13200 included (e.g., “ENGR 13200: Question about A04”), 
• written in complete sentences, 
• specific (e.g., not “I have a question on the assignment” but “I have a question on part 2 of problem 3 in A04”), 
• concludes with an expression of appreciation for the reader’s time or help.

Course Equipment

Some sections of ENGR 132 may elect to use special equipment (e.g., TI kits and LabVIEW boards) for certain assignments and/or project milestones. If your section uses special equipment, you are responsible for the following:

• Only use the equipment for work related to the First-Year Engineering course.
• When your GTA issues the equipment, confirm that the inventory is complete and in good condition.
• Handle the equipment with care and respect.
• Notify your instructor or GTA right away if you encounter equipment that is inoperable or in need of repair.
• Return all equipment to your GTA as directed by your instructor:

1. All equipment must be returned in good working order.
2. If any parts are damaged or not returned, you are responsible for the associated replacement cost, and you will receive an Incomplete grade for the course until you pay the complete replacement cost.

Material Copyrights

The ENGR 13200 materials and their notes are copyrighted or derivatives of copyrighted materials and shall not be sold, bartered, or posted on sites such as Course Hero, Chegg, and Quizlet without express permission from your instructor and the Associate Head of First-Year Engineering. 

Usage of Recordings

Course recordings are made available for students and should only be used for reviewing the content of the class.  Course recordings may not be shared outside of ENGR 132 and shall not be uploaded to any external sites.

To facilitate engagement and interaction, the instructor may at times ask students to turn on their cameras.  Any student not wishing to be recorded is not required to turn on their camera.  The student is encouraged to reach out to their instructor with any concerns.

Course Policies

In ENGR 13200, you are expected to comply with all policies on the University Policies website as well as those listed below.

Changing Sections

You may change your ENGR 13200 section until the last day on which you are permitted to add a course via MyPurdue.  No changes are allowed after this date. Please note that once you drop a section, there is no guarantee that space will be available in another section. Contact an FYE Advisor in ARMS 1300 or via email for additional information. 

Nondiscrimination

In this course, each voice in the classroom has something of value to contribute. Please take care to respect the different experiences, beliefs and values expressed by students and staff involved in this course. We support Purdue's commitment to diversity, and welcome individuals of all ages, backgrounds, citizenships, disability, sex, education, ethnicities, family statuses, genders, gender identities, geographical locations, languages, military experience, political views, races, religions, sexual orientations, socioeconomic statuses, and work experiences. 

For additional information about diversity and nondiscrimination at Purdue, visit the following websites:

Purdue nondiscrimination policy statement

Purdue Division of Diversity & Inclusion

Emergency Response Procedures

Purdue University has an Integrated Emergency Management Plan (IEMP). This plan includes procedures, processes, and plans for responding to an emergency. Visit the Emergency Preparedness website for more information. 

Note: The remainder of this section applies only whenever classes, helps sessions, or office hours are held face to face on-campus. 

It is important to be familiar with the following classroom emergency response procedures.

Emergency: For ANY emergency (fire, medical emergency, etc.), call 911 immediately. As needed, landline phones are located in or near our classrooms as follows:

• ARMS B061: Phone is in the corner of the room by the podium.
• ARMS B098: Phone is in the internal hallway by the printer.
• WALC 1087: Phone is at the Information Desk on the first floor at the north end of the building.

Fire Alarm or Evacuation: Gather all critical personal belongings and exit the building using the stairs. When exiting the building, do not use the elevator. Once outside the building, stay clear of all emergency vehicles and personnel.

• ARMS B061: Proceed up the stairs by Amelia's Cafe. Meet in the emergency assembly area in the grass between Civil Engineering and the Johnson Hall of Nursing.
• ARMS B098: Proceed up the stairs by B122 (away from Amelia’s). Meet in the emergency assembly area in the grass between Civil Engineering and the Johnson Hall of Nursing.
• WALC 1087: Proceed out the northwest doorway and meet at the southeast corner of the Potter Engineering Center (POTR).

Shelter in Place: A shelter-in-place incident could occur due to various situations, including a tornado, accidental release of toxic chemicals, or an active threat (e.g., shots fired on campus).  

Tornado Warning: A tornado has been cited in the Tippecanoe County area.

Classroom	Tornado Warning Guidelines
ARMS B061	Stay in the classroom. Be prepared to kneel facing a wall and cover your head.
ARMS B098	Stay in the classroom. Position yourself away from glass. Be prepared to kneel facing a wall and cover your head.
WALC 1087	Proceed to a classroom in the basement. Position yourself away from glass. Be prepared to kneel facing a wall and cover your head.

Toxic Chemical Spill: Remain in the classroom.

Active Threat: Stay in the classroom. Close and lock the door. If unable to lock the door, secure it by any means possible. Hide under a desk, under a table, in a closet, in a storage area, or in a corner.

General recommendation: Wait for emergency response personnel (police, fire department, etc.) and then follow their directions instructions when they are present.

In the event of a major campus emergency, changes may be required to course requirements, deadlines, grading percentages, and the course calendar. Relevant changes to this course will be posted onto the course website. They may also be obtained by contacting your instructor and/or your graduate teaching assistant via email or phone. As always, you are expected to read your @purdue.edu email on a frequent basis.