The paper introduces two manufacturing-relevant indicators and their foundational methodology for assessing circularity over an extended period of a product's life cycle. The study highlights the role of two suggested indicators ("Product Multiplier" and "Expected Number of Additional Material Life Cycles") in assessing progress toward a circular economy in the manufacturing sector. The "Product Multiplier" captures the potential for remanufacturing across multiple product life cycles, while the "Expected Number of Additional Material Life Cycles" quantifies the impact of recycling on extending material use. Practical scenarios are provided to illustrate how these indicators can guide decision-makers in improving circular practices and making more effective use of resources across multiple life cycles.

This research offers essential insights into the manufacturing sector's transition from linear to circular models, addressing the limitations of existing indicators that primarily focus on evaluating short-term effects. By facilitating the development of indicators that measure circularity over extended periods, the paper aims to provide manufacturers with tools to make informed decisions that support sustainable practices and enhance resource efficiency in the long-term.