Resources from Others
Below is information provided by US and world agencies about building water safety and some are specific to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Webinars
- Royal Society of Public Health (Apr. 2020) - How to ensure your building water system is safe during and post COVID-19
World Health Organization (WHO) Recommendations for Recommissioning Buildings for Water Safety
[ 2010 document ]
- Page 44: “Alternatively measures should be taken to ensure that the dead water is completely removed and the new fittings are flushed prior to being commissioned.”
- Page 44-45: “It is important to keep all finished parts of the water installation dry until the whole system is commissioned for routine operation. If this is not possible sections that remain stagnant for extended periods should be thoroughly drained and disinfected prior to the system being commissioned.”
- Page 59: “Water-using devices, end of plumbing devices and point of-use devices should be maintained to minimize microbial growth. These devices should be decommissioned when not in use and where possible drained. Water-using devices will often require decontamination prior to being returned to service.”
- Page 60: “As part of remediation contaminated drinking water will need to be flushed from the entire distribution system including water-using devices, PoU and end of pipe devices. Treatment systems such as water softeners and filtration systems will need to be regenerated, backwashed or re-commissioned before being returned to service. Small filters at PoU could harbour contamination and may need replacing.”
- Page 74: “At the time of commissioning, water quality should be documented by hygienic testing of microbial and chemical quality in an adequate set of drinking water samples. Initial higher intensity monitoring (additional samples and parameters) might be necessary depending on intended use of the facility, outcomes of inspection, any irregularities during construction or commissioning and delays in beginning of regular use. In these cases a water quality expert should be consulted.”
Worker and Building Occupant Safety for Flushing Building Water
- AIHA (Apr. 2020) - AIHA Building Closures Guidance Document
- OSHA (long time ago) - Legionellosis (Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Fever) - Control and Prevention
Stagnant Water in Existing Buildings (there are many many more than shown below....)
- City of Iowa City, Iowa (May 2020) - Flush water pipes
- Pennsylvania, Department of Health (May 2020) - Preparing Water System Prior to Reopening Buildings
- IAPMO (May 2020) - Tips and Recommendations for the Safe and Efficient Flushing of Plumbing Systems in Buildings
- State of Illinois, Department of Public Health (May 2020) - Guidance for Maintaining Building Water Systems During Reduced Use and Returning Water Systems to Regular Use After Extended Periods of Reduced Use
- US Department of Army, Public Health Command (May 2020) - Returning Building Water Systems to Service
- US EPA (May 2020) - Restoring Water Quality in Buildings for Reopening
- US EPA (May 2020) - Maintaining or Restoring Water Quality in Buildings With Low or No Use
- Hampton Roads Planning District Commission, Virginia (May 2020) - Building Flushing
- Government of Hong Kong (May 2020) - What measures should be taken to safeguard drinking water quality during a pandemic?
- State of Oklahoma, Department of Environmental Quality (Apr. 2020) - Water Quality Recommendations for Reopening Close or Less Frequently Use Buildings
- State of Oregon, Oregon Health Authority (Apr. 2020) - Guidance for Reopening Building Water Systems after Prolonged Shutdown
- State of Arkansas, Department of Health (Apr. 2020) - Flushing Guidance for Buildings with Low Occupancy or No Occupancy During Covid-19
- State of Minnesota, Department of Health (Apr. 2020) - Ensuring Water Quality in Building Premise Plumbing: Guidance for Building Owners and Operators During and After COVID-19
- State of Minnesota, Department of Health (Apr. 2020) - COVID19 Reopening Guidance for Noncommunity Public Water Systems
- State of Indiana, Department of Health (Apr. 2020) - Building Water System Startup Guidance
- State of Indiana, Department of Environmental Management (Apr. 2020) - IDEM Guidance for Flushing Water Systems
- New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (Apr. 2020) - Ensuring the Safety of Your Building Water System Post COVID Lockdown
- City of Vancouver, Vancouver Coastal Health (Apr. 2020) - Water Stagnation Risks Due to Prolonged Reduced Building Occupancy
- State of Connecticut, Department of Public Health (Apr. 2020) - Building Water System Return to Service
- New Zealand Ministry of Health (Apr. 2020) - COVID Drinking Water Advice - Returning to Normal Service
- State of Washington, Department of Health (Apr. 2020) - Legionella and Building Water System Closures
- Ireland Health and Safety Authority (Apr. 2020) - Control of Legionella Bacteria During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Building Water Safety Study (Apr. 2020) - Experts Report: Considerations for Large Building Water Quality after Extended Stagnation
- Public Services and Procurement Canada (Apr. 2020) - Building Water System Minimum Requirements
- Public Health England (Apr. 2020) - COVID-19 and Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Services
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Apr. 2020) - Guidance for Building Water Systems
- ESCMID (Mar. 2020) - ESGLI Guidance for managing Legionella in building water systems during the COVID-19 pandemic
- ESPRI (Apr. 2020) - Building Water Quality and Coronavirus: Flushing Guidance for Periods of Low or No Use
- ESPRI (Apr. 2020) - Coronavirus Building Flushing Guidance
- IAPMO (Mar. 2020) - Rehabilitating Stagnant Building Water Systems
Shock Disinfecting Building Water Systems
- International Code Council (ICC) (Apr. 2020) - Guidance for the Disinfection of Building Water Systems Using the International Plumbing Code (IPC)
- State of Washington, Department of Health (Apr. 2020) - Shock Chlorination Guidance for Building Water Systems
Restoring Water Service to Shutoff Buildings
- State of Ohio EPA & Ohio Department of Health (Apr. 2020) - Guidance for Premise Plumbing Water Service Restoration
- State of Ohio EPA (Mar. 2020) - Guidance for Premise Plumbing Water Service Restoration
- State of Michigan EGLE (Mar. 2020) - Flushing your house plumbing system when water services are restore
- AWWA (Mar. 2020) - Notice on returning to service
- Safe Water Eng., LLC (Mar. 2020) - Flushing your household plumbing after a water service restoration
- State of Kansas, Department of Health and Environment (Oct. 2018) - General Service Connection Flushing Procedures
Other Flushing Resources
- Legionella Risk Management, Inc. (Apr. 2020) - Develop a Building Water Flushing Program
- Plumb-Tech Design and Consulting Services, LLC (Apr. 2020) - Flushing bacteria from stagnant building water piping
- American Water Works Company, Inc. (Apr. 2020) - Has your facility been closed for weeks? Flush the pipes.
- State of Michigan EGLE (Mar. 2020) - Protocol for flushing school facilities
Point-of-Use (POU) / Point-of-Entry (POE) Device Resources
- Water Quality Association (May 2020) - General Guidance for Water Treatment Professionals on Proper Maintenance of Treatment Systems as Shelter-In-Place Orders Are Lifted
Resources about the basics of plumbing
- World Health Organization "Water Safety in Buildings" guidance document (2010)
- World Health Organization “Health Aspects of Plumbing” guidance document (2006)
- CDC Healthy Housing Reference Manual, Chapter 9 - Plumbing (2006)
- Uniform Plumbing Code (2018)
- California Plumbing Code (2019)
List of scientific reports specific to plumbing safety, contamination, and cleaning from various organizations
- Decontaminating residential plumbing: water heaters, pipes, and chemical contamination. (2015)
- Plumbing pipe decontamination by flushing. (2017)
- Water heater cleanout and the impact of aerators and pressure on flushing. (2017)
- Nondestructive removal of heavy metals from plastic plumbing pipe surfaces. (2017)
- Plumbing material interaction with surfactants for cleaning. (2017)
- Deposition of heavy metals onto plumbing pipe surfaces. (2017)
- Flushing service lines to remove lead water. (2018)
- HDPE plastic water pipe decontamination by flushing. (2019)
- Polyethylene plastic water pipe decontamination by flushing. (2019)
- Building flushing practice analysis. (2019)
- Deposition of heavy metals in building plumbing. (2019)
- Residential water heater cleaning effectiveness. (2020)
Links about coronavirus
- American Industrial Hygiene Association COVID-19 outbreak guidance for workers
- American Water Works Association (AWWA) guidance for returning water service to shutoff homes
- American Water Works Association (AWWA) information page about coronavirus | Coronavirus and water
- Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) information page about coronavirus
- National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) information page about coronavirus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) information page about coronavirus
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) information page about coronavirus
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) factsheet on washing hands
- World Health Organization (WHO) information page about coronavirus
- Water Environment Federation (WEF) information page about coronavirus