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Spring 2024

Solar Energy Research Group members Jonathan Turnley and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s Feature Article “Solution processed metal chalcogenide semiconductors for inorganic thin film photovoltaics” was published in RSC Chemical Communications.

Solar Energy Research Group member Shriya Khandelwal was awarded the Undergraduate Research Award. Congratulations, Shriya.

Solar Energy Research Group member Jonathan Turnley was awarded College of Engineering Outstanding Research Award. Congratulations Jonathan!

In collaboration with Prof. Edgardo Saucedo’s group at UPC Spain, Solar Energy Research Group members Jonathan W. Turnley, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Novel synthesis of semiconductor chalcohalide anti-perovskites by low-temperature molecular precursor ink deposition methodologies” was published in Journal of Materials Chemistry C.

Solar Energy Research Group members Daniel C. Hayes, Samantha A. Langdon, Robert M. Spilker, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Carbon Impurity Minimization of Solution-Processed, Thin-Film Photovoltaics via Ligand Engineering of CuInS2 Nanoparticles” was published in ACS Applied Energy Materials.

Fall 2023

In collaboration with Prof. Lydia Wong’s group at NTU Singapore, Solar Energy Research Group members Ryan Swope, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Efficiency enhancement and doping type inversion in Cu2CdSnS4 solar cells by Ag substitution” was published in Journal of Materials Chemistry A.

Solar Energy Research Group members Shubhanshu Agarwal, Kyle Weideman, David Rokke, Kiruba Catherine Vincent, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Enhancing the optoelectronic properties of solution-processed AgInSe2 thin films for application in photovoltaics” was published in Journal of Materials Chemistry C.

Solar Energy Research Group members Jonathan Turnley, Swapnil Deshmukh, Ryan Ellis, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Molecular Precursor Approach to Sulfur-Free CuInSe2: Replacing Thiol Coordination in Soluble Metal Complexes” was published in ACS Omega.

Solar Energy Research Group member Jonathan Turnley was awarded 2nd place for his presentation at the AICHE Electronic and Photonic Materials: Graduate Student Awards session. Congratulations Jonathan!

Solar Energy Research Group members Apurva Pradhan, Scott McClary, Kyle Weideman, Shriya Khandelwal, Joseph Andler, David Rokke, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Tuning the optoelectronic properties of enargite (Cu3AsS4) solar cells by Ag alloying: A DFT-informed synthesis” was published in Applied Physics Letters.

Solar Energy Research Group members Jonathan Turnley, Swapnil Deshmukh, Robert Spilker, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “A selenium-based “alkahest”: reactive dissolutions of metals and metal compounds with n-alkylammonium polyselenide solutions” was published in Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers.

Solar Energy Research Group members Shubhanshu Agarwal, Jonathan Turnley, Apurva Pradhan, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Moderate Temperature Sulfurization and Selenization of Highly Stable Metal Oxides: An Opportunity for Chalcogenide Perovskite” was published in Journal of Materials Chemistry C.

Spring 2023

Separations Research Group Members Tony Mathew, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Relaxing the constant molar overflow assumption in distillation optimization” was published in AIChE Journal.

Solar Energy Research Group member Isabel Panicker was awarded 1st place in the Purdue AICHE undergraduate poster competition. Congratulations, Isabel!

After graduation, Solar Energy Research Group undergraduate Isabel Panicker will be going to Georgia Tech to get a PhD in chemical engineering. Congrats, Isabel!

After graduation, Solar Energy Research Group undergraduate Kevin Ng will be joining Parker Hannifin in their Engineering Leadership Development Program. Congrats, Kevin!

Solar Energy Research Group undergraduate Lily Whitmoyer has accepted a summer internship position with Washington River Protection Solutions. Congrats, Lily!

Solar Energy Research Group members Apurva Pradhan and Kiruba Catherine Vincent presented at the 2023 MRS Spring Meeting and Exhibit in San Francisco, California.

Solar Energy Research Group member Jonathan Turnley presented at the ACS Spring 2023 meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Solar Energy Research Group member Jonathan Turnley presented at the 2023 Gordon Research Conference on Nanomaterials for Applications in Energy Technology in Ventura, California.

The Purdue OTC announced in their March update that Prof. Rakesh Agrawal, Zewei Chen, and Peter Oladipupo received a patent titled “Electrically Heated Dehydrogenation Process“.

Solar Energy Research Group members Apurva Pradhan, Shubhanshu Agarwal, Jonathan Turnley, Shriya Khandelwal, Ryan Swope, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Synthesis of BaZrS3 and BaHfS3 Chalcogenide Perovskite Films Using Single-Phase Molecular Precursors at Moderate Temperatures” was published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition.

Solar Energy Research Group members Kiruba Catherine Vincent, Shubhanshu Agarwal, Jonathan Turnley, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Liquid Flux-Assisted Mechanism for Modest Temperature Synthesis of Large-Grain BaZrS3 and BaHfS3 Chalcogenide Perovskites” was published in Advanced Energy & Sustainability Research.

Fall 2022

In collaboration with ExxonMobil’s Research Group, Separations Research Group Members Tony Mathew, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Advances in distillation: Significant reductions in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for crude oil separation” was published in Joule.

Separations Research Group Members Zheyu Jiang, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Minimum reflux calculation for multicomponent distillation in multi-feed, multi-product columns: Mathematical model” was published in AIChE Journal.

Solar Energy Research Group member Jonathan Turnley presented at the 2022 MRS Fall Meeting and Exhibit in Boston, Massachusetts.

Solar Energy Research Group members Jonathan Turnley, Apurva Pradhan, Daniel Hayes, and Shubhanshu Agarwal presented at the 2022 AIChE Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona.

Solar Energy Research Group members Jonathan Turnley, Kiruba Catherine Vincent, Apurva Pradhan, Isabel Panicker, Ryan Swope, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Solution Deposition for Chalcogenide Perovskites: A Low-Temperature Route to BaMS3 Materials (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)” was published in Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Separations Research Group Members Akash Sanjay Nogaja, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Identifying Heat-Integrated Energy-Efficient Multicomponent Distillation Configurations” was published in I&EC Research Journal.

Separations Research Group Members Radhakrishna Tumbalam Gooty, Prof. Rakesh Agrawal, and Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani’s manuscript “Advances in MINLP to Identify Energy-Efficient Distillation Configurations” was published in Operations Research Journal.

Summer 2022

Separations Research Group Members Jose Adrian Chavez Velasco, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Which separation scenarios are advantageous for membranes or distillations?” was published in AIChE Journal.

Solar Energy Research Group member Kevin Ng was awarded the Best Presentation Award at the Purdue Summer Undergraduate Research Symposium. Congratulations Kevin!

Separations Research Group member Tony Mathew won the 2022 Graduate Student Research Award of the Distillation and Absorption Area of AIChE Separations Division. Congratulations Tony!

Spring 2022

Solar Energy Research Group member Apurva Pradhan was awarded the 2022 ChE Excellence in Safety award. Congratulations Apurva!

Solar Energy Research Group member Isabel Panicker’s poster received 2nd place in the College of Engineering at Purdue’s 2022 Spring Undergraduate Research Conference. Congratulations Isabel!

Solar Energy Research Group member David Rokke successfully defended his thesis and has accepted a position at Applied Materials. Congratulations David!

Solar Energy Research Group members David Rokke, Essam Alruqobah, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s review article “Extrinsic Doping of Ink-Based Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2-Absorbers for Photovoltaic Applications” was published in Advanced Energy Materials.

Solar Energy Research Group members Swapnil Deshmukh, Caleb Miskin, Apurva Pradhan, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Solution Processed Fabrication of Se-Te Alloy Thin Films for Application in PV Devices” was published in ACS Applied Energy Materials.

Solar Energy Research Group members Swapnil Deshmukh, Kyle Weideman, Ryan Ellis, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Enabling fine-grain free 2-micron thick CISe/CIGSe film fabrication via a non-hydrazine based solution processing route” was published in Materials Advances.

Solar Energy Research Group members Joseph Andler, Xianyi Hu, Scott McClary, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Analysis of enargite thin films synthesized from carbon-containing and novel carbon-free processing methods” was published in Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing.

Fall 2021

Solar Energy Research Group members Ryan Ellis, Swapnil Deshmukh, Jonathan Turnley, Dwi Sutandar, Jacob Fields, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Direct Synthesis of Sulfide-Capped Nanoparticles for Carbon-Free Solution-Processed Photovoltaics” was published in ACS Applied Nano Materials.

Energy System Group Members Zewei Chen, Yiru Li, Wasiu Peter Oladipupo, Edwin Rodriguez, Gary Sawyer, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Alternative ordering of process hierarchy for more efficient and cost-effective valorization of shale resources” was published in Cell Reports Physical Science.

Energy System Group Undergraduate Researcher Arsh Bhatia received OUR scholarship for 2021-2022 academic year. Congratulations Arsh!

Summer 2021

Separations Research Group Members Jose Adrian Chavez Velasco, Zewei Chen, Radhakrishna Tumbalam Gooty, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Energy-efficient membrane cascades for industrial separations” was published in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering.

Separations Research Group Members Tony Joseph Mathew, Radhakrishna Tumbalam Gooty, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “A Simple Criterion for Feasibility of Heat Integration between Distillation Streams Based on Relative Volatilities” was published in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

Separations Research Group Members Jose Adrian Chavez Velasco, Radhakrishna Tumbalam Gooty, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Optimal design of membrane cascades for gaseous and liquid mixtures via MINLP” was published in Journal of Membrane Science.

Separations Research Group member Tony Joseph Mathew successfully defended his thesis. Congratulations Tony!

Separations Research Group Members Radhakrishna Tumbalam Gooty, Jose Adrian Chavez Velasco, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Methods to Assess Numerous Distillation Schemes for Binary Mixtures” was published in Chemical Engineering Research and Design.

Spring 2021

Tony Joseph Mathew and Zewei Chen both gave oral presentations at the 2021 AIChE Spring Meeting

Solar Energy Research Group member Swapnil Dattatray Deshmukh received the Outstanding Research Award 2021 from the College of Engineering. Congratulations, Swapnil!

Separations Research Group Member Jose Adrian Chavez Velasco, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Systematic Analysis Reveals Thermal Separations Are Not Necessarily Most Energy Intensive” was published in Joule.

Fall 2020

Energy Systems Research Group member Zewei Chen received the Bill Murray Fellowship for 2020-21 academic year. Congratulations Zewei!

Separations Research Group members Tony Joseph Mathew, Radhakrishna Tumbalam Gooty, Prof. Mohit Tawarmalani, and Prof. Rakesh Agrawal’s manuscript “Quickly Assess Distillation Columns” was published in Chemical Engineering Progress.

Solar Energy Research Group member Swapnil Deshmukh won the Second Place Award in the 2020 AIChE Graduate Student Award Competition in the Inorganic Chemistry Area. Congratulations Swapnil!

Separations Research Group member Radhakrishna Tumbalam Gooty successfully defended his thesis. Congratulations Radhakrishna!

Summer 2020

Tony Joseph Mathew received first place for his Oral Presentation in the Energy and Process Intensification & Biotechnology category, and won the Best Overall award, at the 29th Annual Symposium organized by Chemical Engineering Graduate Student Organization. Congratulations, Tony!

David Rokke received first place for his Oral Presentation in the Material Science category at the 29th Annual Symposium organized by Chemical Engineering Graduate Student Organization. Congratulations, David!

Solar Energy Research Group members David Rokke and Swapnil Deshmukh’s submissions to the 2020 Annual AIChE conference are accepted for an oral presentation and two Graduate Student Award Oral Presentations respectively.

 

Patents

U. S. PATENTS

131. “Solution Based Synthesis of Copper-Arsenic-Chalcogen Nanoparticles”, R. Agrawal and R. B. Balow, Provisional Patent Application 62046764, 05 September 2014.

130. “Homogeneous Precursor Formation Method and Device Thereof” R. Agrawal, R. H. Zhang, B. C. Walker and C. Handwerker, U.S. Patent Application 14/829,913, 12 August, 2015.

129. “Solar Thermal Power and Hydrogen Coproduction Plant”, R. Agrawal, E. Gencer, D. Mallapragada, F. Marechal and M. Tawarmalani, Provisional Patent Application 62021997, 08 July 2014.

128. “Homogeneous Mixtures for Nanoparticle Synthesis”, R. Agrawal and B. C. Walker, U.S. Patent Application 14/549,878, 21 November 2014.

127. “Multicomponent Dividing Wall Columns” R. Agrawal and G. M. Ramapriya, U.S. Patent Application US2015/0119612A1, 30 April 2015.

126. “Production of Renewable Fine Chemicals and Liquid Fuels”, W. N. Delgass, R. Agrawal, F. H. Ribeiro, S. L. Yohe and J.C. Degenstein, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61896119, 27 October 2013.

125. “Catalytic Biomass Conversion Methods, Catalysts, and Method of Making the Same”, W. N. Delgass, R. Agrawal, F. H. Ribeiro, S. L. Yohe, M. Abu-Omar, T. Parsell and P. J. Dietrich, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61896110, 27 October 2013.

124. “Process for distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures into Five Product Streams”, R. Agrawal, V. H. Shah and A.V. Giridhar, Pending US Patent Application US-2010-0025221-A1 (2010).

123. “Process for Distillation of Ethylene from Multicomponent Mixtures”, R. Agrawal and A.V. Giridhar, Provisional US Patent Application No. 61/230,385 (2009).

122. “Thin Films for Photovoltaic Cells”, R. Agrawal, H.W. Hillhouse, Q. J. Guo and M. Kar, U.S. Patent Application 2012/0115312A1. International Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/036259 filed on May 26 (2010).

121. “Synthesis of Multinary Chalcogenide Nanoparticles Comprising of Cu, Zn, Sn, S, and Se”, R. Agrawal, H.W. Hillhouse and Q. J. Guo, U.S. Patent#9,093,190 B2.

120. “Selenization of Precursor layer containing CuInS2 Nanoparticles”, R. Agrawal, Q. J. Guo and H.W. Hillhouse, US Patent#8,722,447B2, (2014)

119. “System and Process for Producing Synthetic Liquid Hydrocarbon”, R. Agrawal and N. R. Singh, US Patent#8,444,725 B2, (2013).

118. “Integrated Gasification-Pyrolysis Process”, R. Agrawal and N. R. Singh, US Patent#8,217,210 B2, (2012).

117. “Process for Producing Liquid Hydrocarbon by Pyrolysis of Biomass in Presence of Hydrogen from a Carbon-free Energy Source”, R. Agrawal, M. Agrawal and N. R. Singh, US Patent#8,217,211 B2, (2012).

116. “Rapid Synthesis of Ternary and Multinary Chalcogenide Nanoparticles”, Q.J. Guo, R. Agrawal and H.W. Hillhouse, US Patent # 7,829,059B2 (2010)

115. “Process and Apparatus for the Cryogenic Separation of Air”, P. Higginbotham, R. Agrawal, A. A. Brostow, K. G. Hayes, D. M. Herron and D. P. O’Connor, US Patent #6,662,593 (2003).

114. “Pressure Swing Adsorption Process with Reduced Pressure Equalization Time,” J. Xu, D. L. Rarig, T. A. Cook, K-K Hsu, M. Schoonover and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,565,628 (2003).

113. “Improved Batch Distillation,” R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,550,274 (2003).

112. “Method and System for Cryogenic Refrigeration”, R. Agrawal, Z. T. Fidkowski, D. M. Herron and W. C. Kottke. U. S. Patent #6,484,516 (2002).

111. “A Process for Concentrating Fluorine Compounds”, Z. T. Fidkowski, J. F. Cirucci, R. Agrawal and T. E. Conway, U. S. Patent # 6,457,327 (2002).

110. “Single Bed Pressure Swing Adsorption Process”, J. Xu, M. R. Pillarella, D. P. Dee, and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,425,938 (2002).

109. “Reclamation and Separation of Perfluorocarbons Using Condensation”, W. T. McDermott, R. C. Ockovic, A. Schwarz and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,383,257 (2002).

108. “Gas Liquefaction Process with Partial Condensation of Mixed Refrigerant at Intermediate Temperatures”, R. Agrawal, M. J. Roberts and T. A. Daugherty, U. S. Patent #6,347,532 (2002).

107. “Single Mixed Refrigerant Gas Liquefaction Process”, M. J. Roberts, R. Agrawal, and T. L. Daugherty, U. S. Patent #6,347,531 (2002).

106. “Hybrid Cycle for the Production of Liquefied Natural Gas”, M. J. Roberts and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,308,531 (2001).

105. “Process for Nitrogen Liquefaction”, A. A. Brostow, R. Agrawal, D. M. Herron and M. J. Roberts, U. S. Patent #6,298,688 (2001).

104. “Process for Multi-component Separation”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,286,335 (2001).

103. “Purification of Nitrogen Trifluoride by Continuous Cryogenic Distillation”, Z. T. Fidkowski, J. F. Cirucci, R. Agrawal, S. R. Suchdeo and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #6,276,168 (2001).

102. “Dual Mixed Refrigerant Cycle for Gas Liquefaction”, M. J. Roberts and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,269,655 (2001).

101. “Process for the Purification of a Major Component Containing Light and Heavy Impurities”, D. M. Herron and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,263,701 (2001).

100. “Multieffect Distillation for Multi-component Separation”, R. Agrawal, J. Xu, U. S. Patent #6,263,700 (2001).

99. “Process for Separation of Multi-component Fluids Using a Multizone Distillation Column”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,250,106 (2001).

98. “Process for Distillation of Multi-component Fluid and Production of an Argon-Enriched Stream from a Cryogenic Air Separation Process”, R. Agrawal, D. M. Herron and J. S. Choe, U. S. Patent #6,240,744 (2001).

97. “Process for the Production of Oxygen and Nitrogen”, P. Higginbotham, D. M. Herron and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,227,005 (2001).

96. “Multieffect Distillation”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,173,584 (2001).

95. “Dual Mixed Refrigerant Cycle for Gas Liquefaction”, M. J. Roberts and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #6,119,479 (2000).

94. “Distillation Process to Separate Mixtures Containing Three or More Components”, R. Agrawal and Z. T. Fidkowski, U. S. Patent #6,116,051 (2000).

93. “Operable and Efficient Distillation Schemes for Multi-component Separations”, R. Agrawal and Z. T. Fidkowski, U. S. Patent #6,106,674 (2000).

92. “Production of Argon from a Cryogenic Air Separation Process”, D. M. Herron, R. Agrawal and S. J. Cook, U. S. Patent #5,970,743 (1999).

91. “Improved Distillation Schemes for Multi-component Separations”, R. Agrawal and Z. T. Fidkowski, U. S. Patent #5,970,742 (1999).

90. “Efficient Process to Produce Oxygen”, R. Agrawal, D. M. Herron, U. S. Patent #5,966,967 (1999).

89. “Multiple Expander Process to Produce Oxygen”, R. Agrawal, D. M. Herron, Y. Zhang, U. S. Patent #5,956,974 (1999).

88. “Air Separation with Intermediate Pressure Vaporization and Expansion”, D. M. Herron, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #5,956,973 (1999).

87. “Distillation Process to Separate Mixtures Containing Three or More Components”, R. Agrawal and Z. T. Fidkowski, U. S. Patent #5,953,936 (1999).

86. “An Air Separation Process Using Warm and Cold Expanders”, D. M. Herron, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #5,907,959 (1999).

85. “Single Expander and a Cold Compressor Process to Produce Oxygen”, R. Agrawal, D. M. Herron, Y. Zhang, U. S. Patent #5,901,576 (1999).

84. “Distillation Process Using a Mixing Column to Produce at Least Two Oxygen-Rich Gaseous Streams Having Different Oxygen Purities”, R. Agrawal, D. M. Herron, S. J. Cook, U. S. Patent #5,865,041 (1999).

83. “Process to Produce Nitrogen Using a Double Column and Three Reboiler/Condensers” R. Agrawal and C. C. Latshaw, U. S. Patent #5,761,927 (1998).

82. “Combustion Turbine and Elevated Pressure Air Separation System with Argon Recovery”, R. Agrawal, J. Sorensen, D. W. Woodward, A. R. Smith and S. L. Feldman, U. S. Patent #5,722,259 (1998).

81. “Argon Recovery from Silicon Crystal Furnace”, T. H., Hsiung, Z. T. Fidkowski and R. Agrawal, how to write a term paper U. S. Patent #5,706,674 (1998).

80. “Process to Produce Nitrogen Using a Double Column Plus an Auxiliary Low Pressure Separation Zone”, R. Agrawal and Z. T. Fidkowski, U. S. Patent #5,697,229 (1997).

79. “Process to Produce Moderate Purity Oxygen Using a Double Column Plus an Auxiliary Low Pressure Column”, R. Agrawal, Z. T. Fidkowski and D. M. Herron, U. S. Patent #5,701,764 (1997).

78. “Separation of Fluid Mixtures in Multiple Distillation Columns”, R. Agrawal and J. Xu, U. S. Patent #5,692,395 (1997).

77. “A Three Column Cryogenic Cycle for the Production of Impure Oxygen and Pure Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal and Z. T. Fidkowski, U. S. Patent #5,682,764 (1997).

76. “Ultra-High Purity Oxygen Distillation Unit Integrated with Ultra-High Purity Nitrogen Purifier”, R. Agrawal, Z. T. Fidkowski and L. W. Pruneski, U. S. Patent #5,682,763 (1997).

75. “Process to Produce High Pressure Nitrogen Using a High Pressure Column and One or More Lower Pressure Columns”, R. Agrawal and Z. T. Fidkowski, U. S. Patent #5,682,762 (1997).

74. “Separation of Fluid Mixtures in Multiple Distillation Columns”, R. Agrawal and J. Xu, U. S. Patent #5,678,426 (1997).

73. “Method and Apparatus for Producing Liquid Products from Air in Various Proportions”, Z. T. Fidkowski, R. Agrawal and S. R. Suchdeo, U. S. Patent #5,678,425 (1997).

72. “VSA Adsorption Process with Energy Recovery”, C. F. Watson, R. Agrawal, P. A. Webley and J. G. Wehrman, U. S. Patent #5,656,067 (1997).

71. “High Temperature Oxygen Production for Ironmaking Processes”, R. Agrawal, M. S. Chen, A. R. Smith, R. M. Thorogood and T. J. Ward, U. S. Patent #5,643,356 (1997).

70. “Process for Introducing a Multi-Component Liquid Feed Stream at Pressure P2 into a Distillation Column Operating at Lower Pressure P1”, R. Agrawal and D. M. Woodward, U. S. Patent #5,634,356 (1997).

69. “Process and Apparatus for the Production of Moderate Purity Oxygen”, D. M. Herron, R. Agrawal and J. Xu, U. S. Patent # 5,592,832 (1997).

68. “Production of Ultra-high Purity Oxygen from Cryogenic Air Separation Plants”, R. Agrawal, D. M. Herron and T. R. White, U. S. Patent # 5,590,543 (1997).

67. “Production of Oxygen by Ion Transport Membranes with Steam Utilization”, D. Kang, S. L. Russek, R. Agrawal, D. D. Brengel and E. P. Foster, U. S. Patent #5,562,754 (1996).

66. “VSA Adsorption Process with Feed/Vacuum Advance and Provide Purge”, R. Agrawal, R. Kumar, T. Naheiri and C. F. Watson, U. S. Patent # 5,540,758 (1996).

65. “Separation of Fluid Mixtures in Multiple Distillation Columns”, R. Agrawal, and J. Xu, U. S. Patent # 5,513,497 (1996).

64. “Process for the Cryogenic Distillation of an Air Feed to Produce a Low to Medium Purity Oxygen Product Using a Single Distillation Column System”, R. Agrawal, D. W. Woodward and L. A. Stapf, U. S. Patent # 5,442,925 (1995).

63. “VSA Adsorption Process with Continuous Operation”, R. Agrawal, R. Kumar, T. Naheiri and C. F. Watson, U. S. Patent # 5,429,666 (1995).

62. “Process for the Cryogenic Distillation of an Air Feed to Produce an Ultra-high Purity Oxygen Product”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent # 5,425,241 (1995).

61. “Vacuum Swing Adsorption Process With Mixed Repressurization and Provide Product Depressurization”, C. F. Watson, R. D. Whitley, R. Agrawal and R. Kumar, U. S. Patent # 5,411,578 (1995).

60. “Cryogenic Air Separation Process Producing Elevated Pressure Nitrogen by Pumped Liquid Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal, B. K. Dawson, J. A. Hopkins and J. Xu, U. S. Patent #5,355,682 (1994).

59. “Distillation Strategies for the Production of Carbon Monoxide-Free Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal, A. K. Modi and W. T. Kleinberg, U. S. Patent # 5,351,492 (1994).

58. “Triple Column Distillation System for Oxygen and Pressurized Nitrogen Production”, R. Agrawal, J. Langston, P. Rodgers and J. Xu, U. S. Patent # 5,341,646 (1994).

57. “Process to Produce Krypton/Xenon Enriched Stream Directly from the Main Air Distillation Column”, R. Agrawal and S. L. Feldman, U. S. Patent # 5,313,802 (1994).

56. “Process to Produce a Krypton/Xenon Enriched Stream from a Cryogenic Nitrogen Generator”, R. Agrawal and S. L. Feldman, U. S. Patent 5,309,719 (1994).

55. “Inter-Column Heat Integration for Multi-Column Distillation System”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent 5,289,688 (1994).

54. “Consolidated Heat Exchanger Air Separation Process”, R. Agrawal and W. T. Kleinberg, U. S. Patent # 5,275,004 (1994).

53. “Hybrid Air and Nitrogen Recycle Liquefier”, R. Agrawal, D. W. Woodward and J. Xu, U. S. Patent # 5,275,003 (1994).

52. “Multiple Reboiler, Double Column, Elevated Pressure Air Separation Cycles and their Integration with Gas Turbines”, R. Agrawal and J. Xu, U. S. Patent # 5,257,504 (1993).

51. “Dual Heat Pump Cycles for Increased Argon Recovery”, R. Agrawal and T. F. Yee, U. S. Patent # 5,255,524 (1993).

50. “Vaporization of Liquid Oxygen for Increased Argon Recovery”, R. Agrawal, and T. F. Yee, U. S. Patent # 5,255,522 (1993).

49. “Multiple Reboiler, Double Column, Air Boosted, Elevated Pressure Air Separation Cycle and its Integration with Gas Turbines”, J. Xu and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent # 5,251,451 (1993).

48. “Efficient Single Column Air Separation Cycle and its Integration with Gas Turbines”, R. Agrawal and J. Xu, U. S. Patent # 5,251,450 (1993).

47. “Single Heat Pump Cycle for Increased Argon Recovery”, R. Agrawal and T. F. Yee, U. S. Patent # 5,245,831 (1993).

46. “Production of Non Cyclic Polyalkylene Polyamines”, R. Agrawal and J. H. Frey, U. S. Patent # 5,243,078 (1993).

45. “Inter-Column Heat Integration for Multicolumn Distillation System”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent # 5,230,217 (1993).

44. “Process and System for Controlling a Cryogenic Air Separation Unit During Rapid Changes in Production”, R. Agrawal, D. M. Espie, D. P. O’Connor, J. A. Mandler, A. R. Smith and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent # 5,224,336 (1993).

43. “Coproduction of a Normal Purity and Ultra High Purity Volatile Component from a MultiComponent Stream”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent # 5,218,825 (1993).

42. “Cryogenic Process for Producing Ultra High Purity Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #5,205,127 (1993).

41. “Recovery of Dissolved Light Gases from a Liquid Stream”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #5,167,125 (1992).

40. “Elevated Pressure Air Separation Cycles with Liquid Production”, R. Agrawal and J. Xu, U. S. Patent # 5,165,245 (1992).

38. “Use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Coupled with a Cold Expander to Produce Liquid Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal and T. E. Cormier, U. S. Patent #5,141,543 (1992). 39. “Method of Purifying Argon through Cryogenic Adsorption”, K. W. Kovak, R. Agrawal, and J. C. Peterson, U. S. Patent #5,159,816 (1992).

37. “Production of Liquid Nitrogen Using Liquefied Natural Gas as Sole Refrigerant”, R. Agrawal and C. L. Ayres, U. S. Patent #5,139,547 (1992).

36. “Production of Nitrogen Free of Light Impurities”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #5,137,559 (1992).

35. “Liquefied Natural Gas Refrigeration Transfer to a Cryogenics Air Separation Unit Using High Pressure Nitrogen Stream”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #5,137,558 (1992).

34. “Cryogenic Process for the Separation of Air to Produce Moderate Pressure Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent # 5,129,932 (1992).

33. “Cryogenic Process for the Separation of Air to Produce Ultra High Purity Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent # 5,123,947 (1992).

32. “Cryogenic Production of Krypton and Xenon from Air”, R. Agrawal and B. E. Farrell, U. S. Patent # 5,122,173 (1992).

31. “Enhanced Recovery of Argon from Cryogenic Air Separation Cycles”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent # 5,114,449 (1992).

30. “Cryogenic Process for the Separation of Air to Produce Moderate Pressure Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent # 5,077,978 (1992).

29. “Triple Distillation Column Nitrogen Generator with Plural Reboiler/Condensers”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent # 5,069,699 (1991).

28. “Cryogenic Process for the Production of an Oxygen-free and Methane-free Krypton/Xenon Product”, R. Agrawal and B. E. Farrell, U. S. Patent #5,067,976 (1991).

27. “Cryogenic Process for the Production of Methane-free Krypton/Xenon Product”, R. Agrawal and B. E. Farrell, U. S. Patent #5,063,746 (1991).

26. “Production of Ultra High Purity Oxygen from Cryogenic Air Separation Plants,” T. E. Cormier, R. Agrawal, D. W. Woodward and A. Prentice, U. S. Patent #5,049,173 (1991).

25. “Alkylation of Aromatic Amines Over Thermally Pretreated Zeolites”, R. Agrawal and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #5,026,912 (1991).

24. “Cryogenic Air Separation Process for the Production of Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent #5,006,139 (1991).

23. “Nitrogen Generators with Dual Reboiler/Condensers in the Low Pressure Distillation Column”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent #5,006,137 (1991).

22. “Production of Oxygen – Lean Argon from Air”, R. Agrawal and D. W. Woodward, U. S. Patent #4,994,098 (1991).

21. “Production of High Purity Argon”, J. A. Hopkins, R. M. McGuinness, R. Agrawal and S. L. Feldman, U. S. Patent #4,983,194 (1991).

20. “Cryogenic Process for Producing Low-Purity Oxygen”, R. Agrawal and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #4,947,649 (1990).

19. “Air Separation Process for the Production of Oxygen-Rich and Nitrogen-Rich Products”, D. W. Woodward and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #4,936,099 (1990).

18. “High Pressure Nitrogen Production Cryogenic Process,” R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #4,927,441 (1990).

17. “Alkylation of Toluenediamine and Para-Phenylenediamine with Isobutylene in the Presence of Acidic, Crystalline Molecular Sieves”, R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #4,914,237 (1990).

16. “Process for the Production of High Pressure Nitrogen with Split Reboil-Condensing Duty”, R. Agrawal, S. R. Auvil and K. B. Wilson, U. S. Patent #4,883,519 (1989).

15. “Alkylation of Aromatic Amines with Olefins on Partially Dealuminated Zeolites”, R. Agrawal, M. Deeba and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #4,876,377 (1989).

14. “Process for the Production of High Pressure Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #4,872,893 (1989).

13. “Process for the Production of High Purity Argon”, R. Agrawal and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #4,834,956 (1989).

12. “Process for the Production of Argon”, R. Agrawal, S. R. Auvil and J. S. Choe, U. S. Patent #4,817,392 (1989).

11. “Process for Recovering Helium from a Multi-Component Gas Stream”, J. S. Choe, R. Agrawal and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #4,717,407 (1988).

10. “Liquefied Gases Using an Air Recycle Liquefier”, S. R. Auvil and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #4,715,873 (1987).

9. “Liquid Products Using An Air and a Nitrogen Recycle Liquefier”, R. Agrawal and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #4,705,548 (1987).

8. “Process for Separating Components of a Gas Stream”, J. S. Choe, S. R. Auvil and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #4,701,187 (1987).

7. “Air Separation Process”, R. Agrawal and T. E. Cormier, U. S. Patent #4,662,918 (1987).

6. “Process for the Separation of Air”, T. E. Cormier and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #4,662,917 (1987).

5. “Process for the Separation of Air”, R. Agrawal and T. E. Cormier, U. S. Patent #4,662,916 (1987).

4. “Process for Recovering Hydrogen from a Multi-Component Gas Stream”, S. R. Auvil and R. Agrawal, U. S. Patent #4,654,063 (1987).

3. “Process for the Generation of Gaseous and/or Liquid Nitrogen”, R. Agrawal and S. R. Auvil, U. S. Patent #4,595,405 (1986).

2. “Dual Feed Air Pressure Nitrogen Generator Cycle”, R. Agrawal and K. W. Kovak, U. S. Patent #4,543,115 (1985).

1. “Process and Apparatus for the Separation of Air”, R. Agrawal and T. E. Cormier, U. S. Patent #4,464,188 (1984).