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Engelberth Research Group

References and Citations

Content

References are used to help your reader understand where your information is originally from and allows them to look up the reference in case they would like additional information.  If you read something and then use this information to help write your report, it should be referenced at the end of the sentence.  You need to put what you read into your own thoughts.  Using more than a few words from a source is considered plagiarism and should be avoided at all costs. The Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) is an excellent resource regarding what is plagiarism and how to avoid it.  The OWL can help you with citations and references.

 

You are expected to use authored resources for your citations.  You may not use the pre-labs, presentations, or lab manuals as a source in your reports. 

  1. Only scientific journals, reference books, textbooks, official government publications (e.g. FDA, CDC, NIH, EPA, etc.) should be used as references for technical content in your reports.
  2. Do NOT use websites such as eHow, Wikipedia, EngineeringToolbox as your source.  There is no guarantee that information on these sites is correct.  Some of it can be wrong or misleading.  You would never want to reference these types of sites in any sort of professional output.   As a student, wrong or misleading information can significantly undermine your learning.

Formatting

In text citations should be formatted as follows:

Liquid-liquid extraction is employed when a component of interest in a mixture can be removed by a component using a second liquid phase (Geankoplis, 2010).  A method that lends itself to a larger scale and uses water as an effective extraction solvent is pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), or sub-critical fluid extraction.  PLE uses liquids at an elevated temperature, below the critical point, which enhances the extraction kinetics of the solvent and uses increased pressures to keep the solvent in liquid form (Wang and Weller, 2006).  Water is a more effective solvent, for extracting organic compounds, when under pressure and at elevated temperatures because, as the temperature of water increases yet still remains below its critical point, the dielectric constant of water decreases, which leads to a decrease in the polarity of water (Ong et al., 2006).  Organic compounds are more soluble in less polar solvents, thus making sub-critical pressurized water a better extraction solvent for many natural products (Shotipruk et al., 2004).

The resulting references in the literature cited would be formatted as shown below.

Geankoplis, C. (2010). Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, pg 776.

Ong, E. S., J. S. H. Cheong and D. Goh (2006). Pressurized hot water extraction of bioactive or marker compounds in botanicals and medicinal plant materials. Journal of Chromatography A, 1112(1-2): 92-102.

Shotipruk, A., J. Kiatsongserm, P. Pavasant, M. Goto and M. Sasaki (2004). Pressurized hot water extraction of anthraquinones from the roots of Morinda citrifolia. Biotechnology Progress, 20(6): 1872-1875.

Wang, L. J. and C. L. Weller (2006). Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17(6): 300-312.