Maha Fluid Power Research Center - Purdue University Mechanical Engineering

2025 Maha Fluid Power Conference

May 13th - 14th, 2025, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States

Event description

The 2025 Maha Conference is scheduled for May 13 (Tue) and May 14 (Wed) at Purdue University. This members-only event is open exclusively to Industry members of the Maha Fluid Power Research Center, select prospective members, and Purdue faculty and students.

The event will feature about 25 technical presentations from Maha and other affiliated research labs. The attendees will also have opportunities to network during coffee breaks, lunches and a conference dinner, all include with registration. Additionally, participants can tour the Maha Fluid Power Research Center facilities and the Purdue’s battery and engine technology labs.

Executive members of the Research Center are entitled to 3 free participant registrations, while Basic Members are provided with 1. Additional participants will require a $450 registration fee. The free registrations are determined by each industry representative (see list of the Maha Industry Board Members under "Maha Membership").

We hope to meet you in May at Purdue to keep up to date with the latest research progress in fluid power!

The schedule for the conference is given below.

To register to the event, please refer to the registration page.

Maha industry members have access to free registration codes (1 for basic members, 3 for executive members). To get a free participation code, please check with your Maha Industry Advisory Board Member.

The logistic instruction for conference participants is now available.

Tentative Schedule

Tuesday, May 13

7:30 AM - 8:30 AM WALC 1121	Breakfast
8:30 AM - 8:50 AM WALC 1132	Welcoming Remarks and Introduction Andrea Vacca
8:50 AM - 10:30 AM WALC 1132	Session A: Pump Simulation (Chair: TBD) Ajinkya Pawar: Comparative Analysis of External Gear Machine Performance Considering Deformation and Thermal Effects Abstract: The energy efficiency of external gear pumps (EGPs) in high-pressure applications is significantly influenced by power losses in the lubricating interfaces that seal internal displacement chambers. Accurately modeling these interfaces is crucial for predictive simulations, yet literature presents varied approaches with differing assumptions. This paper addresses this challenge by utilizing Multics-HYGESim, a comprehensive simulation tool developed by the authors’ research team. The model integrates thermal-tribological effects, including meshing, lubricating films at tooth tips, journal bearings, and lateral interfaces. It accounts for realistic fluid properties, cavitation, aeration, mixed lubrication, and material deformation of gears, bushings, and housing. Recent advancements to the model introduce coupled thermal analysis, capturing heat transfer in fluid, lubricating interfaces, and solid domains to predict body temperatures and thermal deformation. These pressure and thermal deformations critically impact internal balancing and pressurization, making their realistic quantification complex. Using a commercial EGP with available experimental efficiency data, this study evaluates EGP performance in terms of housing wear, outlet pressure ripple, volumetric and hydromechanical efficiency under different modeling assumptions, ranging from rigid body motion with analytical lubrication models to fully coupled multi domain thermal analysis. The results provide a detailed breakdown of power loss and leakage sources, guiding EGP designers in assessing the impact of deformation and lubrication modeling on performance predictions. Kai Ping Qwah: A Multi-Domain Thermal Model for Simulating Performance of High-Pressure Gerotor Pumps Abstract: Gerotors are widely utilized as positive displacement units in low-to-medium pressure applications, such as automotive engine oil and fuel systems. Latest technological require higher operating pressure, and gerotor units are still a good candidate. Advanced simulation models can accelerate progresses in gerotor designs. However, designing gerotor pumps for high-pressure operation necessitates advanced modeling approaches that account for thermal effects, often overlooked in conventional isothermal models. Current methodologies, including 3D CFD, lumped parameter (LP), and coupled LP-lubricating interface models, fail to capture intricate temperature variations that influence frictional losses and leakages. To address this gap, this paper presents a multi-domain numerical model that integrates thermal effects into the simulation of gerotor pump operation. The model incorporates mass and energy conservation equations in the fluid domain using the LP methodology. Thermal Reynolds and energy equations are employed to simulate the lubricating interface, capturing thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHL) effects, while solid components’ heat transfer and thermal deformation are evaluated establishing a comprehensive coupling with lubricating interfaces and tooth space volumes (TSVs). The proposed model provides detailed estimations of operating temperatures across pump's outlet, TSVs, lubricating interfaces, and solid components. Comparative analysis against isothermal models reveals significant differences in predicted frictional losses and leakages, emphasizing the critical role of thermal effects in gerotor pump performance. This work shows the importance of thermal considerations in design gerotors for high pressure applications advancing the state of the art in gerotor pump modeling and simulation. Ishan Suvarna: Effects of Piston Cylinder Interface Fiction on Cylinder Block Valve Plate Interface Relability - A Numerical Analysis Abstract: For a swashplate type axial piston machine, tilting of the cylinder block is a major contributing factor to failure. Tilting moment is known to be dependent on factors such as the design of the valveplate and port block, the sealing land area and the location of crowning point. In extreme operating conditions, this tilting moment can cause separation of cylinder block from the valveplate lubricating interface, and higher valveplate wear due to contact with the cylinder block. Additionally, tilting of the cylinder block affects the lubricating interface gap and causes increased leakage, reducing performance of the machine. Therefore, for a numerical model of an axial piston machine, accurate calculation of cylinder block tilting is important. Most simulation tools do not account for this tilting motion, resulting in an inability to predict failure in extreme operating conditions. Lubricating film friction at the cylinder block – piston interface has a major contribution to the cylinder block tilting moment. For this reason, we propose the use of a coupled simulation model to calculate cylinder block dynamics. In our model, the lubricating films solver is coupled with the body dynamics model, to include the effect of film friction on cylinder block motion. This ensures better prediction of cylinder block tilting, and as a result, more accurate analysis of piston machine failure. To demonstrate the capability of our model, we simulate two cases of axial piston machine failure under extreme conditions: cylinder block separation and valveplate contact wear. The simulation results are validated using experimental data for the baseline pump design. For both cases, lubricating film friction in the piston-cylinder block interface is proven to be an important factor in failure of the machine, primarily due to its contribution to cylinder block tilting. Further the results show our coupled model’s ability to accurately capture this effect, ensuring better failure prediction. Several design solutions are also analyzed for their effectiveness in reducing failure, and their impact on performance of the machine. Jinhwan Lee: A Elastohydrodyanmic Simulation for Radial Piston Motor and Its Experimental Validation Abstract: This study presents an Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) simulation model developed for a multi-lobe radial piston motor (RPM) and its experimental validation. Heavy-duty conditions of RPMs involving the severe wear and excessive power loss challenge their lubricating interface design. The proposed model solves a density-based Reynolds equation to predict tribological behaviors of fluid films around a stepped piston with the consideration of multi-body dynamics and elastic deformations. The simulation results indicate that the lubrication regimes and asperity contact pressure strongly rely on the chamber pressure and motor rotational speed. The roller–bushing interface undergoes mixed lubrication regimes, and severe asperity contact occurs in piston–cylinder interfaces, indicating boundary lubrication during high load conditions. In addition, the interaction between the fluid films demonstrated an asymmetric deformation of the piston, significantly influencing the hydrodynamic pressure and film thickness distributions in the roller–bushing interface. Also, the consideration of tilting of a piston was essential to predict hydrodynamic and asperity contact pressure for piston-cylinder interfaces. As a result, the power loss analysis identified the main power loss contributors; the upper piston–cylinder interface, and throttling loss. The paper also includes the experimental measurement where the simulated friction torque was compared. Using a constant solid friction coefficient for the roller–bushing interface matched well with the measurements, but the friction torque from the piston–cylinder interfaces needed friction coefficient calibration to match the measurement. Harrison Han: Simulation of Hydrostatic Pockets Between the Cylinder Block and Valve Plate of a Piston-type Pump Abstract: Piston-type positive displacement machines are used across diverse applications and operating conditions, making it a critical design challenge to balance the minimization of solid-body contact while maintaining efficiency. This study investigates the potential of hydrostatic pockets between the cylinder block and valve plate to provide dynamically and passively controlled pressure forces, mitigating contact issues at low speeds without excessive losses at high speeds. Simulations of a baseline pump design revealed persistent solid-body contact under low-speed and high-pressure conditions, indicating the need for enhanced lubrication strategies. Retaining the baseline design, the study examined multiple hydrostatic pocket configurations through simulation, varying their location and quantity. Although the primary focus is on low-speed high-pressure and high-speed high-pressure scenarios, additional operating points at high-speed low-pressure and medium-speed medium-pressure were also considered. The effectiveness of each design was evaluated on the basis of film thickness, contact pressure, and viscous losses under key operating conditions. The experimental findings from previous studies were used to validate or challenge the conclusions from the simulation results. This paper seeks to deliver a better understanding of the hydrostatic pockets, offering design guidance for optimizing the lubrication management for future piston-type positive displacement machines and informing strategies for improved efficiency and longevity in demanding applications.
10:30 AM - 10:50 AM WALC 1121	Coffee Break
10:50 AM - 12:30 PM WALC 1132	Session B: System Design (Chair: TBD) Zihao Xu: Experimental Investigation for Multi-Common Pressure Rail Systems with Three Pressure Rails and Three-Chamber Cylinders Abstract: Construction and agricultural equipment have been playing an important role regarding both the energy consumption and the hydraulic market sales according to past research. However, state-of-the-art architectures are estimated to only have an average efficiency of about 30%. Among all the high-efficiencies that are in high demand because of the fact above, multi-common pressure rail (MPR) systems have gained increased interest with the proven ability to reduce throttling losses and the capability of energy recuperation. A couple of recent works revealed the fact that the combination of three pressure rails and three chamber cylinders is a seemingly better choice among all the MPR systems. For a more convincing result of such a combination, a test rig containing one three chamber cylinder, one load cylinder, and the corresponding valve control manifolds are developed. The robustness and performances of the proposed cylinder controller in different load conditions under various speed commands are tested and verified. Based on the results, a detailed validation plan is also proposed for investigating the performance of the proposed MPR system on a prototype machine. Several problems that need to be considered when bringing the system into reality are discussed. Prithvi Naresh Chandiramani: A Pump Decoupled Architecture to Allow Increasing Energy Efficiency of Hydrostatic Transmission Solution based on Fixed Displacement Secondary Units Abstract: Despite being inherently throttle less system, Hydrostatic Transmission (HT) for propulsion applications in heavy duty machinery suffer from low efficiency when the primary and secondary units do not operate at their optimal efficiency point. This paper proposes a novel HT architecture that decouples the primary unit operating point from the load (i.e., external torque and rotational speed). This allows the primary unit to always operate at a more favorable point, while maintaining roughly the same energy efficiency for the secondary unit, resulting in an overall increase of the total HT efficiency. Essentially, the decoupling is achieved by using a hydraulic accumulator to allow the primary unit to follow a reference pressure instead of a reference flow, like in secondary controlled HTs. This is achieved by controlling the angular velocity of the secondary unit by using another rotary actuator connected in the same shaft of the secondary unit. The paper details the architecture design, the component sizing and the power flow management. To assess the energy efficiency advantage of the proposed solution, the reference case of the basecutter system of a sugarcane harvester is considered. A lumped-parameter model for both the baseline commercial solution, validated based on available experimental data, and for the proposed systems were developed. Results for a realistic drive-cycle show a 7% reduction in energy consumption compared to baseline HT used in the reference machine, thus proving the efficacy of the proposed system. Elena Menegatti: Advancing Hydrogen Engine Powered Excavators: A Path to Energy-Efficient and Clean Construction Machinery Abstract: Today’s off-road vehicles rely on expensive engine aftertreatment systems in an attempt to meet stringent emissions standards, increasing costs and reducing installation space, providing an opportunity to explore alternative technologies, such as hydrogen engines. Off-road vehicles such as excavators, are characterized by harsh and rapidly fluctuating loads, to which the engine must be able to respond rapidly without critical speed drops. Because hydrogen engine’s torque response is slower than diesel, operating such a slow prime mover with conventional hydraulic systems currently on the market becomes challenging. Due to the limited academic research on off-road vehicles powered by hydrogen engines, this study aims to investigate the optimal design of a proposed hydraulic architecture capable of being gentle on the prime mover, to allow the hydrogen engine to meet the severe duty cycle requirements of off-road machines, while also improving the hydraulics’ system efficiency. This study is performed on a 24 ton. excavator, where the proposed fluid power solution is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. By modeling an optimal interaction between the hydraulic system and the prime mover, it is demonstrated that the proposed solution allows for the operation of a hydrogen engine of the same displacement as its counterpart diesel in an excavator, greatly reducing fuel consumption and achieving CO2 emissions abatement. Marvin Durango: Demonstration of a Digital Twin framework for a two-actuator hydraulic application Petru Aurelian Simionescu: Practical Contributions to Motion Actuation in Fluid Power Abstract: This presentation will explore practical solutions for optimizing the design of linkage mechanisms actuated by hydraulic cylinders. Topics include rack-and-pinion-type steering linkages, cylinder-incline mechanisms for steady resisting loads and lifting applications, and slewing-drive mechanisms powered by hydraulic cylinders. The second part will briefly introduce ongoing research on nonconventional self-enveloping profiles with applications in fluid power.
12:30 PM - 1:30 PM WALC 1121	Lunch
1:30 PM - 3:30 PM WALC 1132	Session C: Electrification (Chair: TBD) Partha Mukerjee: Recent development of battery technology at Purdue Mostafa Fereydoonian: Sustainability-Centric and Rare-Earth-Free Electric Machine Design Abstract: Rare earth elements, vital for their magnetic properties in electric machines, are costly and scarce, driving research into sustainable alternatives. This presentation introduces a novel magnet-free electric machine design focused on sustainability. Wound-field flux-switching machines (WFFSMs) eliminate permanent magnets, offering improved thermal management, flux-weakening capability, and rotor robustness. Both field and armature windings are placed in the stator and wrapped around the yoke in a toroidal configuration, enabling easier copper recovery at end-of-life. Using literature-based equations, the design’s sustainability is assessed by estimating recoverable materials like copper, aluminum, magnetic sheets, and steel. The analysis shows WFFSMs provide energy savings, lower costs, and environmental benefits, making them ideal for sustainable industrial use. Seshan Calapatti Suresh: A Thermal Simulation of Integrated Electro Hydraulic Actuator (iEHA) Abstract: Electrification of hydraulics is a promising option to address increasing emission restrictive regulation, it also provides a smoother transition to battery operated machine. However, Electro Hydraulic Actuators are generally thermally limited, especially in the case of a fully integrated actuator. Therefore, this study aimed at performing a thermal simulation of both the hydraulic components and the electric motor. Furthermore, this study concentrated on an EHA architecture where the return flow from the actuator was used to cool the electric motor. The outcome of this study demonstrates that using the return flow to cool the electric motor is not only feasible but is a compact and efficient way of cooling. Jacob Joseph Lengacher: Rationale and Design for Joint Electric – Hydraulic Supply for Agricultural Applications Abstract: A growing population and increased interest in environmentally friendly machinery lead naturally to a need for agricultural machines that are both more capable and more efficient in their use of energy. Agricultural machines have traditionally used throttling-based hydraulic systems to supply their working implements, leading to very inefficient behavior. One potential answer to this problem is the replacement of these systems with electrical ones. As a result, electric and hydraulic actuation systems are often viewed in opposition to one another. This is not the case, however. Electrical systems are efficient and straightforward to control, but are expensive, bulky, and sensitive to difficult environments. Hydraulic systems, in contrast, are compact, robust, and cost effective but have traditionally relied on inefficient throttling-based control schemes. This work aims to demonstrate that a combination of the two technologies aiming to utilize the strengths of one to cover the other’s weakness can result in a system arrangement that is both efficient and practical for implementation on real machines. To accomplish this, this work proposes one such system, designed for the case of an agriculture tractor / planter system. This system supplies base power hydraulically and uses an electrically powered pump to supply outlying high pressure actuators. Two control schemes for this architecture are proposed, one prioritizing system efficiency and one prioritizing component efficiency. The proposed architecture is then implemented on a full-scale reference machine and tested in realistic planting conditions. These tests demonstrate a 40% reduction in power consumption by the implement for the most common operating condition, demonstrating the efficiency potential of joint electric – hydraulic actuation. Nathan Allen Featherstone: Closed-Circuit EHA for Skidsteer Linear Functions Utilizing Continuous Contact Gear Pump Technology for Low Noise Abstract: While there are challenges in electrification of large offroad-vehicles, small vehicles such as skidsteers are suitable for electrification. The Electrohydraulic Actuator (EHA) is a key technology in electrifying hydraulic systems because its high efficiency maximizes vehicle battery life. The close-circuit EHA implements recovery of energy from overrunning loads and controls resistive and overrunning loads in both directions. The bypass valve allows for the optional combination of primary and bypass flow control. This combination allows the pump to operate at a high-pressure and high-speed condition during the high-power resistive lift, but it maintains the high speed assistive lower that would otherwise be lost due to cylinder’s asymmetrical cross section. The working characteristics and implementation of the closed-circuit EHA will be described. In addition to battery life, noise is an important factor in electrification of hydraulics. The noise of the hydraulics is no longer masked by an engine, so sound quality is critical. The EHA implementation leverages a continuous-contact gear pump, for its low-noise capability. Tiraruek Ruekamnuaychok: The Transverse Homopolar Machine: A More Robust Alternative to the Permanent Magnet AC Machine Abstract: At present, the demand for electric machines that have a wide constant power speed range and high power density is growing. For applications with these requirements, the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is a common choice. However, the PMSM has several limitations, including relatively weak rotor structure, limited cooling capability, and cost increasing magnet requirements. To overcome these challenges, the “Transverse Homopolar AC Machine” or THAM has been invented. The THAM has a robust rotor, high cooling capability, low magnet grade requirements, convenience in manufacturing and maintenance, high reliability, high efficiency and high power density, particularly for applications requiring wide constant power speed range. The world’s first THAM was demonstrated in March 2025 at Purdue. In this presentation, the machine’s description, concept of operation, advantages and disadvantages, and test results are discussed.
3:30 PM - 3:50 PM WALC 1121	Coffee Break
4:00 PM - 5:00 PM	Tour of Power and Energy Systems Facilities
5:00 PM - 6:00 PM	Tour of Energy and Transport Sciences Laboratory
6:00 PM - 6:30 PM	Travel to Dinner
6:30 PM - 8:30 PM	Dinner

Wednesday, May 14

7:30 AM - 8:30 AM WALC 1121	Breakfast
8:30 AM - 9:10 AM WALC 1132	Session D: Component Design (Chair: TBD) Parth Manoj Tawarawala: Multi-objective Optimization-based design of Crescent Internal Gear Machines for high-pressure hydraulic applications Abstract: With the growing importance of electrified hydraulic supply systems, with the ability to control prime mover speed, hydraulic gear machines have become increasingly more viable, and their design and modelling efforts have seen renewed interest. Among these pump types is the crescent internal gear machine (CIGM), often considered well-suited to these applications due to its quiet operation and high compactness while operating efficiently at medium and high-pressure applications. However, CIGMs are not commonly used because of their higher cost and design complexity than other gear pump types, contributing to a limited understanding of their design. Leveraging past modelling efforts, this work presents a procedure to parametrize the gearset and compensation features of a radially-ported CIGM and use a lumped parameter model embedded inside a genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization to design the CIGM, posed as a rigorous mathematical optimization problem. Using a lumped parameter model helps capture fluid dynamic phenomena like cavitation, pressure peaks, flow ripples, and frictional losses, which often get neglected in purely analytical formulations, while also allowing the design of pump features such as pressurization grooves and porting. These phenomena are usually undesirable and thus have been posed as objective functions to minimize. To demonstrate the procedure, an example optimization is run to generate a CIGM for operation in a generic hydraulic application, and the results show that design improvements over the baseline can be achieved through this procedure. Ratnam Dipakkumar Patel: SIMULATION INTEGRATED OPTIMIZATION BASED FEATURE DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC VANE MACHINE Abstract: Modern electrification trends have heightened the need for quieter hydraulic systems, as the elimination of internal-combustion-engine (ICE) noise makes pump-induced flow pulsations more noticeable. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization strategy for a dual-lip balanced vane pump, aiming to reduce flow ripple—a major contributor to noise—while maintaining or improving volumetric efficiency. The pump’s cam ring is parameterized using piecewise polynomial segments (3rd order in most sections) with enforced continuity constraints to ensure smooth vane motion and avoid chatter. Additionally, delivery-port grooves are incorporated as tunable triangular features, further softening transient pressure spikes. The optimization employs a lumped-parameter (LP) simulation to predict instantaneous flow rate and volumetric efficiency under multiple operating conditions. The LP model captures vane micromotions, fluid compressibility, and contact mechanics in a sufficiently accurate yet computationally efficient manner. Using a genetic algorithm within ModeFrontier’s MOGA-2, we systematically explore a high-dimensional design space (up to 12 ring-defining points plus groove-length variables). The objective function includes flow ripple variance and volumetric efficiency evaluated at three distinct operating points, providing robust performance across a range of speeds and pressures. Harrison Han: Dynamic Simulation of Slipper Retainer Ring of an Axial Piston Pump Abstract: The retainer-ring hold-down system plays a critical role in controlling the dynamic behaviors of slippers in swashplate-type axial piston machines. It directly influences the tribological performance of the lubricating interfaces, which affects the efficiency and reliability of these machines. While numerical simulations can predict performance metrics, such as power loss and leakage, for swashplate-type axial piston machines, existing methods often oversimplify the hold-down system by neglecting the retainer ring's dynamics, leading to reduced predictive accuracy. To address this limitation, this study presents a novel approach that explicitly simulates the micro-motion of the retainer ring and its dynamic interaction with the slipper-piston assemblies with the consideration of elastohydrodynamic effects in the corresponding lubricating interfaces. The solid body and tribological behaviors predicted by the proposed model are validated against finite element method analysis as well as experimental data from a commercial water-lubricated swashplate-type axial piston pump. The results demonstrate the importance of simulating the micro-motion of the retainer-plate and dynamic coupling of the hold-down system by showcasing the proposed model's ability to accurately predict the central spring force required to achieve an improved balance between viscous power loss, solid-body contact, leakage, and cavitation damage based on the specific design priorities.
9:10 AM - 9:50 AM WALC 1132	Session E: Off-Road Vehicle Technology (Chair: TBD) John Evans: RowMowsim: Development of a Virtual Simulation Environment for Off-Road Vehicles Featuring High Fidelity Georeferenced Terrain and Sensor Noise Leonardo Franquilino: STUDY ON HYDRAULIC ARCHITECTURES FOR ELECTRIFIED SKID-STEER LOADERS Abstract: Electrification of HDDMs emerges as a promising option to address increasing restrictions on gas emissions. However, given the inherent inefficiency of traditional hydraulic systems for mobile applications, a direct substitution of a diesel engine with a battery-electric motor would result in substantially reduced operating times. Solutions for high-efficiency hydraulic systems have been studied by academia and OEMs (e.g., EHA, DC, EMA, gravity self-balancing). Nonetheless, few solutions are offered in the market due to high implementation costs and space constraints. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive study using a simulation-based approach to determine the optimal hydraulic architecture for an electrified 5-ton compact track loader loader, encompassing all hydraulic working functions and utilizing a standardized duty cycle for energy efficiency comparison. The outcomes of the project demonstrate the capability to reduce total energy consumption by up to 29.2% and decrease installed pump displacement by up to 13%, without altering the performance. Doni Thomas: Advancing Hydrogen Engines in Excavators with eBoosting Technology
9:50 AM - 10:10 AM WALC 1121	Coffee Break
10:10 AM - 11:10 AM WALC 1132	Session F: New Applications (Chair: TBD) Yan Gu: Advancing Legged Robotics: Research Progress and Perspectives on Fluid Power Integration Austin Luke Zapata: A Generalized Lumped-Parameter Model for Analyzing External Gear Machines with Shear-Thinning Operating Fluids Abstract: External gear machines are frequently used to transport non-Newtonian fluids in high pressure applications. Difficulties arise in their analysis and design due to the effect of viscoelasticity on the displacing action of the pump and the internal flow leakages. Methodologies covered in past works focused on three-dimensional CFD, but limited work has been done on a simulation tool for these effects which considers the radial micromotions of the gears. In this work, a fast lumped-parameter model for the simulation of external gear machines with non-Newtonian operating fluids is developed by dividing the pump into several control volumes and flow paths between them. A method of estimating flow for complex non-Newtonian fluid models is proposed as well as a novel Reynolds-type equation, and both are implemented within the model. Then, the mean flow and pressure ripple predicted by this model are compared with experiments to validate the methodology. The mean relative error of the model for both the steady-state and transient behavior are found to be under 8%. Jarrod Robins and John Murray: Demonstration of Pulse Flow Reverse Osmosis system with flow reversal capabilities
11:10 AM - 12:30 PM WALC 1132	IAB Meeting (Closed Door)
12:30 PM - 1:30 PM WALC 1121	Lunch