Journal Publications

Published
  1. Lou, F., Matthews, D.R., Kormanik III, N.J., Key, N.L., "Accounting for Circumferential Flow Nonuniformity in a Multistage Axial Compressor," ASME. J. Turbomach. July 2023; 145(7): 071016(7). doi: 10.1115/1.4056933.
  2. Lou, F., Harrison, H.M., Brown, W.J., Key, N.L., "Investigation of Surge in a Transonic Centrifugal Compressor With Vaned Diffuser: Part II—Correlation With Subcomponent Characteristics," ASME. J. Turbomach. May 2023; 145(5): 051004(10). doi: 10.1115/1.4055865.
  3. Lou, F., Harrison, H.M., Key, N.L., "Investigation of Surge in a Transonic Centrifugal Compressor With Vaned Diffuser—Part I: Surge Signature," ASME. J. Turbomach. May 2023; 145(5): 051003(9). doi: 10.1115/1.4055866.
  4. Lou, F., and Key. N.L., “On Choosing the Optimal Impeller Velocity Triangles in Preliminary Design.” ASME. J. Turbomach. Nov 2022; 144(11): 111011(8). doi: 10.1115/1.4055151.
  5. Fuehne, M.F., Lou, F., and Key, N.L., "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Clearance Effects in a Transonic Centrifugal Compressor," AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. May 2022; 38(3): 378-388. doi: 10.2514/1.B38487.
  6. Kamdar, N., Lou, F., and Key, N.L., “Details of Shrouded Stator Hub Cavity Flow in a Multi-Stage Axial Compressor Part 2: Leakage Flow Characteristics in Stator Wells,” ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. January 2022; 144(1): 011027. doi: 10.1115/1.4051958.
  7. Gooding, W.J., Meier, M.A., and Key, N.L., 2021. “The Impact of Various Modeling Decisions on Flow Field Predictions in a Centrifugal Compressor.” ASME. J. Turbomach. October 2021; 143(10): 101006. doi: 10.1115/1.4050674.
  8. Lou, F., Kormanik III, N.J., Matthews, D.R., and Key, N.L., 2021. “Reconstructing Compressor Non-uniform Circumferential Flow Field from Spatially Undersampled Data - Part 2: Practical Application for Experiments.” ASME. J. Turbomach. August 2021; 143(8): 081003. doi: 10.1115/1.4050434
  9. Lou, F., and Key, N.L., 2021. “Reconstructing Compressor Non-Uniform Circumferential Flow Field from Spatially Undersampled Data - Part 1: Methodology and Sensitivity Analysis.” ASME. J. Turbomach. August 2021; 143(8): 081002. doi: 10.1115/1.4050433
  10. Leng, Y., and Key, N.L., 2021. "Effects of Nonuniform Blade Spacing on Compressor Rotor Flutter Stability." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. June 2021; 37(5): 682-692. doi: 10.2514/1.B37765.
  11. Harrison, H.M., and Key, N.L., 2021. “A New Approach to Modeling Slip and Work Input for Centrifugal Compressors.” ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. February 2021; 143(2): 021013. doi: 10.1115/1.4049412
  12. Lou, F., and Key, N.L., “Compressor Stall Warning using Nonlinear Feature Extraction Algorithms.” ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. December 2020; 142(12): 121005. doi: 10.1115/1.4048990
  13. Harrison, H.M., Lou, F., and Key, N.L. "Investigation of Slip Models for High-Speed Centrifugal Compressors." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. November 2020; 37(1): 3-12. doi: 10.2514/1.B37731.
  14. Lou, F., and Key, N.L., 2020. "Design Considerations for the Final-Stage Centrifugal Compressor in Aeroengines." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. June 2020; 36(5): 791-795. doi: 10.2514/1.B37522.
  15. Leng, Y., and Key, N.L., 2020. "Effects of Nonuniform Blade Spacing on Compressor Rotor Forced Response and Aeroacoustics." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. May 2020; 36(5): 721-731. doi: 10.2514/1.B37866.
  16. Gooding, W.J., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2020. “Laser Doppler Velocimetry Characterization of Unsteady Vaned Diffuser Flow in a Centrifugal Compressor." ASME. J. Turbomach. April 2020; 142(4): 041001. doi: 10.1115/1.4046230.
  17. Leng, Y., and Key, N.L., 2020. "Utilization of Fast Response Pressure Measurements to Non-Intrusively Monitor Blade Vibration in Axial Compressors." ASME. J. Turbomach. March 2020; 142(3): 031001. doi: 10.1115/1.4045472.
  18. Meier, M.A., Gooding, W.J., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2020. "Considerations for Using Additive Manufacturing Technology in Centrifugal Compressor Research." ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. March 2020; 142(3): 031018. doi: 10.1115/1.4044937.
  19. Gooding, W.J., and Key, N.L., 2019. “Leveraging LDV Techniques for the Investigation of Unsteady Turbomachinery Flows.” The Aeronautical Journal. December 2019; 123(1270): 1919-1937. doi: 10.1017/aer.2019.28.
  20. Lou. F., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2019. "Design Considerations for Tip Clearance Sensitivity of Centrifugal Compressors in Aeroengines." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. May 2019; 35(3): 666-668. doi: 10.2514/1.B37100
  21. Methel, J., Smith, N.R., Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., 2018. “Effects of Circumferential Nonuniformity in Compressor Flow Fields Including Vane Wake Variability.” AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. July 2018; 34(4): 1080-1089. doi: 10.2514/1.B36440
  22. Lou, F., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2018. “Interpreting Aerodynamics of a Transonic Impeller from Static Pressure Measurements.” Hindawi. International Journal of Rotating Machinery: Advances in Fluid Dynamics of Turbomachinery. April 2018; 2018(7281691): 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2018/7281691
  23. Lou, F., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2018. "A New Approach for Centrifugal Impeller Preliminary Design and Aerothermal Analysis.” ASME. J. Turbomach. May 2018; 140(5): 051001. doi: 10.1115/1.4038876
  24. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., 2018. “A Comprehensive Investigation of Blade Row Interaction Effects on Stator Loss Utilizing Vane Clocking.” ASME. J. Turbomach. July 2018; 140(7): 071004. doi: 10.1115/1.4040111
  25. Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., 2017. “Demonstrating Multistage Compressor Blockage Calculations Using Pressure Measurements for Large Tip Clearances.” AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. March 2018; 34(2): 281-290. doi: 10.2514/1.B36300
  26. Li, J., Aye-Addo, N., Kielb, R.E., and Key, N.L., 2017. "Mistuned Higher-Order Mode Forced Response of an Embedded Compressor Rotor: Part 2 – Mistuned Forced Response Prediction.” ASME. J. Turbomach. March 2018; 140(3): 031006. doi: 10.1115/1.4038519
  27. Lou, F., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2017. “Stall Inception in a High-Speed Centrifugal Compressor During Speed Transients.” ASME. J. Turbomach. December 2017; 139(12): 121004. doi: 10.1115/1.4037759
  28. Berdanier, R.A., Smith, N.R., Young, A.M., and Key, N.L., 2017. “Effects of Tip Clearance on Stall Inception in a Multistage Compressor.” AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. March 2018; 34(2): 308-317. doi: 10.2514/1.B36364
  29. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., 2016. “Blade Row Interaction Effects on Unsteady Stator Loading in an Embedded Compressor Stage.” AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. January 2017; 33(1): 248-255. doi: 10.2514/1.B35981
  30. Smith, N.R. and Key, N.L., 2016. "Vane Clocking Effects on Stator Suction Side Boundary Layers in a Multistage Compressor." Hindawi. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. May 2016; 2016(5921463): 1-14. doi: 10.1155/2016/5921463
  31. Berdanier, R.A., Bhattacharya, S., Vlachos, P.P., and Key, N.L., 2016. "A New Particle Image Velocimetry Technique for Turbomachinery Applications." ASME. J. of Turbomach. December 2016; 138(12): 124501. doi: 10.1115/1.4033672
  32. Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., 2016. "Experimental Characterization of Tip Leakage Flow Trajectories in a Multistage Compressor." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. July 2016; 32(4): 1022-1032. doi: 10.2514/1.B35929.
  33. Lou, F., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2016. “An Experimental Investigation of Flow Distortion in an APU-Style Inlet System.” AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. July 2016; 32(4): 892-902. doi: 10.2514/1.B35948.
  34. Besem, F.M., Kielb, R.E., Galpin, P., Zori, L., and Key, N.L., 2016. “Mistuned Forced Response Predictions of an Embedded Rotor in a Multistage Compressor.” ASME. J. Turbomach. June 2016; 138(6): 061003. doi: 10.1115/1.4032164
  35. Besem, F.M., Kielb, R.E., and Key, N.L., 2016. “Forced Response Sensitivity of a Mistuned Rotor from an Embedded Compressor Stage.” ASME. J. of Turbomach. June 2016; 138(3): 031002. doi: 10.1115/1.4031866
  36. Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., 2016. "A Novel Data Reduction Technique for Single Slanted Hot-Wire Measurements Used to Study Incompressible Compressor Tip Leakage Flows." SpringerLink. Experiments in Fluids. February 2016; 57(29): 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s00348-016-2114-z.
  37. Monk, D.J., Key N.L., and Fulayter, R.D., 2015. "Reduction of Aerodynamic Forcing Through Introduction of Stator Asymmetry in Axial Compressors." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. January 2016; 32(1): 131-141. doi: 10.2514/1.B35704.
  38. Smith, N.R., Murray III, W.L., and Key, N.L., 2015, "Considerations for Measuring Compressor Aerodynamic Excitations Including Rotor Wakes and Tip Leakage Flows." ASME. J. Turbomach. March 2016; 138(3): 031008. doi: 10.1115/1.4032006.
  39. Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., 2015. "The Effects of Tip Leakage Flow on the Performance of Multistage Compressors Used in Small Core Engine Applications." ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. May 2016; 138(5): 052605. doi: 10.1115/1.4031625.
  40. Murray III, W.L., and Key, N.L., 2015. "Experimental Investigation of a Forced Response Condition in a Multistage Compressor." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. September 2015; 31(5): 1320-1329. doi: 10.2514/1.B35525.
  41. Smith, N.R., Berdanier, R.A., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2015. "Reconciling Compressor Performance Differences for Varying Ambient Inlet Conditions." ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. December 2015; 137(12): 122603. doi: 10.1115/1.4030518.
  42. Smith, N.R., Key, N.L., 2015. "Flow Visualization for Investigating Stator Losses in a Multistage Axial Compressor." SpringerLink. Experiments in Fluids. April 2015 56(94): 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s00348-015-1964-0.
  43. Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., 2015. "Experimental Investigation of Factors Influencing Operating Rotor Tip Clearance in Multistage Compressors." Hindawi. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. May 2015; 2015(146272):1-13. doi: 10.1155/2015/146272.
  44. Murray III, W.L., and Key, N.L., 2015. "Detection of Rotor Forced Response Vibrations Using Stationary Pressure Transducers in a Multistage Axial Compressor." Hindawi. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. May 2015; 2015(198534): 1-10. doi: 10.1155/2015/198534.
  45. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., 2015. "Vane Clocking Effects on Stator Loss for Different Compressor Loading Conditions." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. February 2015; 31(2): 519-526. doi: doi/10.2514/1.B35193.
  46. Berdanier, R.A., Smith, N.R., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2014. "Humidity Effects on Experimental Compressor Performance—Corrected Conditions for Real Gases." ASME. J. Turbomach. March 2015; 137(3): 031011. doi: 10.1115/1.4028356.
  47. Key, N.L., 2014. "Influence of Upstream and Downstream Compressor Stators on Rotor Exit Flow Field." Hindawi. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. October 2014; 2014(392352): 1-10. doi: 10.1155/2014/392352.
  48. Brossman, J.R., Ball, P.R., Smith, N.R., Methel, J.C., and Key, N.L., 2014. "Sensitivity of Multistage Compressor Performance to Inlet Boundary Conditions." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. March 2014; 30(2): 407-415. doi: 10.2514/1.B34742.
  49. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., 2014. "Unsteady Vane Boundary Layer Response to Rotor-Rotor Interactions in a Multistage Compressor." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. March 2014; 30(2):416-425. doi: 10.2514/1.B34765.
  50. Key, N.L., 2014. "Compressor Vane Clocking Effects on Embedded Rotor Performance." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. January 2014; 30(1): 246-248. doi: 10.2514/1.B34604.
  51. Lou, F., Fabian, J., and Key, N.L., 2013. "The Effect of Gas Models on Compressor Efficiency Including Uncertainty." ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. January 2014; 136(1): 012601. doi: 10.1115/1.4025317.
  52. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., 2013. "Vane Clocking Effects on Stall Margin in a Multistage Compressor." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. July 2013; 29(4): 891-898. doi: 10.2514/1.B34636.
  53. Lou, F., Fleming, R., and Key, N.L., 2012. "Calculating High Speed Centrifugal Compressor Performance from Averaged Measurements." De Gruyter. International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines. December 2012; 29(4): 289-298. doi: 10.1515/tjj-2012-0029.
  54. Miller, K.L., Key, N.L., and Fulayter, R.D., 2012. "Lessons Learned from an Aggressive Outlet Guide Vane Design for Axial Compressors." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. September 2012; 28(5): 918-926. doi: 10.2514/1.B34470.
  55. Brossman, J.R., Smith, N.R., Talalayev, A., and Key, N.L., 2011. "Tailoring Inlet Flow to Enable High Accuracy Compressor Performance Measurements." De Gruyter. International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines. December 2011; 28(4): 309-320. doi: 10.1515/tjj.2011.065.
  56. Salontay, J.D., Key, N.L., and Fulayter, R.D., 2011. "Investigation of Flow Physics of Vane Clocking Effects on Rotor Resonant Response." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. September 2011; 27(5): 1001-1007. doi: 10.2514/1.B34081.
  57. Choi, Y.S., Key, N.L., and Fleeter, S., 2011. "Vane Clocking Effects on the Resonant Response of an Embedded Rotor." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. January 2011; 27(1): 71-77. doi: 10.2514/1.48485.
  58. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., and Fleeter, S., 2010. "Rotor Wake Variability in a Multistage Compressor." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. March 2010; 26(2): 344-352. doi: 10.2514/1.45715.
  59. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., Fleeter, S., 2010. "An Experimental Study of Vane Clocking Effects on Embedded Compressor Stage Performance." ASME. J. Turbomach. January 2010; 132(1): 011018. doi: 10.1115/1.3072714.
  60. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., Fleeter, S., 2009. "Vane Clocking in a Three-Stage Compressor: Frequency Domain Data Analysis." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power September 2009; 25(5): 1100-1107. doi: 10.2514/1.43423.
  61. Key, N.L. and Arts, T., 2006, "Comparison of Turbine Tip Leakage Flow for Flat Tip and Squealer Tip Geometries at High-Speed Conditions." ASME. J. Turbomach. April 2006; 128(2): 213-220. doi: 10.1115/1.2162183.
  62. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., Fleeter, S., 2004. "Rotor Generated Vane Row Off-Design Unsteady Aerodynamics Including Dynamic Stall: Part I." AIAA. Journal of Propulsion and Power. September 2004; 20(5): 835-841. doi: doi/10.2514/1.3878.


Technical Papers

Published
  1. Bond, E.H., and Key. N.L., “Data-driven Modelling Tradeoffs to Characterize the Distortion Profile of an APU Inlet.” Presented at the AIAA Scitech 2023 Forum. Session: Characterization of Inlet Systems. National Harbor, Maryland, USA & Online. January 23-27, 2023. AIAA. AIAA 2023-2355. doi: 10.2514/6.2023-2355
  2. Lou, F., and Key. N.L., “On Choosing the Optimal Impeller Velocity Triangles in Preliminary Design.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2C: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. June 7-11, 2021. V02CT34A017. ASME. GT2021-59210. doi: 10.1115/GT2021-59210
  3. Lou, F., Matthews, D.R., Kormanik III, N.J, and Key. N.L., “Accounting for Circumferential Flow Nonuniformity in a Multi-Stage Axial Compressor.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2A: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. June 7-11, 2021. V02AT31A039. ASME. GT2021-59968. doi: 10.1115/GT2021-59968
  4. Kamdar, N., Lou, F., and Key, N.L., “Details of Shrouded Stator Hub Cavity Flow in a Multi-Stage Axial Compressor Part 1: Interactions with the Primary Flow.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2A: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. June 7-11, 2021. V02AT31A041. ASME. GT2021-60103. doi: 10.1115/GT2021-60103
  5. Kamdar, N., Lou, F., and Key, N.L., “Details of Shrouded Stator Hub Cavity Flow in a Multi-Stage Axial Compressor Part 2: Leakage Flow Characteristics in Stator Wells.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2A: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. June 7-11, 2021. V02AT31A042. ASME. GT2021-60115. doi: 10.1115/GT2021-60115
  6. Boning, Y., Lou, F., and Key, N.L, "Conceptual Design of a 10-Passenger Thin-Haul Electric Aircraft." U2020 AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS), New Orleans, LA, USA, 2020, pp. 1-18.
  7. Gooding, W.J., Meier, M.A., Gunter, E.J., and Key, N.L., “Nonlinear Response and Stability of an Experimental Overhung Compressor Mounted with a Squeeze Film Damper.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 10B: Structures and Dynamics. Virtual. Online. September 21–25, 2020. V10BT29A016. ASME. GT2020-15212. doi: 10.1115/GT2020-15212
  8. Lou, F., Matthews, D.R., Kormanik III, N.J., and Key, N.L., “Reconstructing Compressor Non-Uniform Circumferential Flow-Field from Spatially Undersampled Data - Part 2: Practical Application for Experiments.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2A: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. September 21–25, 2020. V02AT32A052. ASME. GT2020-15465. doi: 10.1115/GT2020-15465
  9. Lou, F., and Key, N.L., “Reconstructing Compressor Non-Uniform Circumferential Flow-Field from Spatially Undersampled Data - Part 1: Methodology and Sensitivity Analysis.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2A: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. September 21–25, 2020. V02AT32A033. ASME. GT2020-14867. doi: 10.1115/GT2020-14867
  10. Harrison, H.M., and Key, N.L., “A New Approach to Modeling Slip and Work Input for Centrifugal Compressors.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2E: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. September 21–25, 2020. V02ET39A003. ASME. GT2020-14135. doi: 10.1115/GT2020-14135
  11. Gooding, W.J., Meier, M.A., and Key, N.L., “The Impact of Various Modelling Decisions on Flow Field Predictions in a Centrifugal Compressor.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2E: Turbomachinery. Virtual. Online. September 21–25, 2020. V02ET39A012. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2020-14516
  12. Harrison, H.M., Lou, F., and Key, N.L., “Investigation of Slip Models for High-Speed Centrifugal Compressors” Presented at the AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Aug. 19-22, 2019. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2019-3818
  13. Kormanik III, N.J., Matthews, D.R., Key, N.L., and King, A.J., "Purdue 3-Stage Axial Compressor Research Facility: Through the Years, to Infinity, and Beyond" Presented at the AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Aug. 19-22, 2019. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2019-4000
  14. Lou, F., and Key, N.L., "The Design Space for the Final-Stage Centrifugal Compressor in Aero Engines." Presented at the AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. San Diego, California, USA. Jan. 7-11, 2019. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2019-0944.
  15. Berdanier, R.A. and Key, N.L., "Evaluating Effects of Rotor Tip Clearance on Downstream Stator, Performance in a Multistage Axial Compressor." Presented at the 23rd International Society of Air Breathing Engines Conference. Manchester, UK. Sept. 3-8, 2017. ISABE. 2017-21409.
  16. Gooding, W. J., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N. L. "Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Vaned Diffuser Flow in a Centrifugal Compressor." Presented at the 23rd International Society of Air Breathing Engines Conference, Manchester, U.K., Sept 3-8, 2017. ISABE. 2017-21417.
  17. Lou, F., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., "Stall Inception in a High Speed Centrifugal Compressor During Speed Transients." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2C: Turbomachinery. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. June 26–30, 2017. V02CT44A026. ASME. doi:10.1115/GT2016-64499.
  18. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., "A Comprehensive Investigation of Blade Row Interaction Effects on Stator Loss Utilizing Vane Clocking." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2D: Turbomachinery. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. June 26–30, 2017. V02DT46A015. ASME. doi:10.1115/GT2016-64633.
  19. Li, J., Aye-Addo, N., Kormanik III, N.J., Matthews, D.R., Key, N.L., and Kielb, R., "Mistuned Higher-Order Mode Forced Response of an Embedded Compressor Rotor: Part I — Steady and Unsteady Aerodynamics." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 7B: Structures and Dynamics. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. June 26–30, 2017. V07BT36A021. ASME. doi:10.1115/GT2017-64633.
  20. Li, J., Aye-Addo, N., Kielb, R., and Key, N.L, "Mistuned Higher-Order Mode Forced Response of an Embedded Compressor Rotor: Part II — Mistuned Forced Response Prediction." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 7B: Structures and Dynamics. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. June 26–30, 2017. V07BT36A023. ASME. doi:10.1115/GT2017-64647.
  21. Methel, J., Gooding, W.J., Fabian, J.C., Key, N.L., and Whitlock, M., "The Development of a Low Specific Speed Centrifugal Compressor Research Facility." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2D: Turbomachinery. Seoul, South Korea. June 13–17, 2016. V02DT42A018. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2016-56683. doi:10.1115/GT2016-56683.
  22. Lou, F., Harrison, H.M., Fabian, J.C., Key, N.L., James, D.K., and Srivastava, R., "Development of a Centrifugal Compressor Facility for Performance and Aeromechanics Research." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2D: Turbomachinery. Seoul, South Korea. June 13–17, 2016. V02DT42A005. ASME. doi:10.1115/GT2016-56188.
  23. Sreenivas, K., Webster, R.S., Hereth, E.A., Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., "Computational Simulations of a Multi-Stage Subsonic Research Compressor." Presented at the 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. San Diego, California, USA. Jan. 4-8, 2016. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2016-0395.
  24. Berdanier, R.A., Key, N.L., "Quantifying Blockage in a Multistage Compressor for Different Tip Clearances using Steady and Unsteady Pressure Measurements." Presented at the 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. San Diego, California, USA. Jan. 4-8, 2016. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2016-0651.
  25. Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., "Characterization of Tip Leakage Flow Trajectories in a Multistage Compressor Using Time-Resolved Over-Rotor Static Pressures." Presented at the 22nd International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines. Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Oct. 25-30, 2015. ISABE. 2015-20006.
  26. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., "Effects of Blade Row Interactions on Unsteady Stator Surface Pressures in an Embedded Compressor Stage." Presented at the 22nd International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines. Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Oct. 25-30, 2015. ISABE. 2015-20104.
  27. Lou, F., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., “An Experimental Investigation of Flow Distortion in an APU-Style Inlet System.” Presented at the 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Orlando, Florida, USA. July 27-29, 2015. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2015-3701.
  28. Smith, N.R., Berdanier, R.A., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., "Reconciling Compressor Performance Differences for Varying Ambient Inlet Conditions." Proceedings of the ASME 2015 Power Conference. San Diego, California, USA. June 28–July 2, 2015. V001T05A001. ASME. doi: 10.1115/POWER2015-49102.
  29. Berdanier, R.A., and Key, N.L., "Data Processing Techniques for Measurements Collected from a Single Slanted Hot-Wire for Turbomachinery Applications." Presented at the 45th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference. Dallas, Texas, USA. June 22-26, 2015. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2015-2928.
  30. Lou, F., Murray III, W.L., and Key, N.L., "Development of a Research Facility to Study the Flow Field in an APU-Style Inlet." Presented at the 31st AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference. Dallas, Texas, USA. June 22-26, 2015. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2015-2860.
  31. Smith, N.R., Murray III, W.L., and Key, N.L., "Considerations for Measuring Compressor Aerodynamic Excitations Including Rotor Wakes and Tip Leakage Flows." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 7B: Structures and Dynamics. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. June 15–19, 2015. V07BT34A011. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2015-43508.
  32. Besem, F.M., Kielb, R.E., and Key, N.L., "Forced Response Sensitivity of a Mistuned Rotor From an Embedded Compressor Stage." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 7B: Structures and Dynamics. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. June 15–19, 2015. V07BT34A006. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2015-43032.
  33. Methel, J.C., Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., "Vane Wake Characterization for a Multistage Compressor Including Variability." Presented at the 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Kissimmee, Florida, USA. Jan. 5-9, 2015. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2015-1341.
  34. Monk, D.J., Murray III, W.L., and Key, N.L, "Experimental and Computational Study of Forced Response in a Multistage Axial Compressor." Presented at the 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Kissimmee, Florida, USA. Jan. 5-9, 2015. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2015-1342.
  35. Monk, D.J., Key N.L., and Fulayter, R.D., "Reduction of Rotor Forced Response Using Stator Asymmetry in a Multistage Compressor." Presented at the 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Kissimmee, Florida, USA. Jan. 5-9, 2015. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2015-1343.
  36. Murray III, W.L., and Key, N.L., "Experimental Investigation of a Forced Response Condition in a Multistage Compressor." Presented at the AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum. Cleveland, Ohio, USA. July 28-30, 2014. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2014-3735
  37. Berdanier, R.A., Smith, N.R., Fabian, J.C., and Key, N.L., "Humidity Effects on Experimental Compressor Performance: Corrected Conditions for Real Gases." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 2A: Turbomachinery. Düsseldorf, Germany. June 16–20, 2014. V02AT37A019. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2014-25790.
  38. Lou, F., Fabian, J., Key, N.L., "The Effect of Gas Models on Compressor Efficiency Including Uncertainty." Proceedings of the ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Volume 6A: Energy. San Diego, California, USA. November 15–21, 2013. V06AT07A039. ASME. doi: 10.1115/IMECE2013-62611.
  39. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., "Vane Clocking Effects on Stator Loss for Different Compressor Loading Conditions." Presented at the 21st International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines. Busan, South Korea. Sept. 9-13, 2013. ISABE. 2013-1134.
  40. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., "Unsteady Vane Boundary Layer Response to Rotor-Rotor Interactions in an Embedded Compressor Stage." Presented at the 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Grapevine, Texas, USA. Jan. 7-10, 2013. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2013-421.
  41. Smith, N.R., and Key, N.L., "Vane Clocking Effects on Stall Margin in a Multistage Compressor." Presented at the 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, USA. July 30-Aug. 1, 2012. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2012-4158.
  42. Brossman, J.R., Ball, P.R., Smith, N.R., Methel, J.C., and Key, N.L., "The Sensitivity of Multistage Compressor Performance to Inlet Boundary Conditions." Presented at the 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, USA. July 30-Aug. 1, 2012. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2012-3725.
  43. Brossman, J.R., Smith, N.R., Talalayev, A., and Key, N.L., "The Development of a Multistage Axial Compressor Research Facility." Presented at the 47th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. San Diego, California, USA. July 31-Aug. 3, 2011. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2011-5751.
  44. Fleming, R., Lou, F., and Key, N.L., "The Development of a High Speed Centrifugal Compressor Research Facility." Presented at the 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Orlando, Florida, USA. Jan. 4-7, 2011. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2011-227.
  45. Salontay, J.D., Key, N.L., and Fulayter, R.D., "A Computational Investigation of Vane Clocking Effects on Embedded Compressor Stage Efficiency." Presented at the 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Jul. 25-28, 2010. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2010-6534.
  46. Salontay, J.D., Key, N.L., and Fulayter, R.D., "A Computational Investigation of Vane Clocking Effects on Compressor Forced Response." Presented at the 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Orlando, Florida, USA. Jan. 4-7. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2010-746.
  47. Miller, K.L., Key, N.L., and Fulayter, R.D., "Tip Clearance Effects on the Final Stage of an HPC." Presented at the 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Denver, Colorado, USA. Aug. 2-5, 2009. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2009-5213.
  48. Choi, Y.S., Key, N.L., and Fleeter, S., "Vane Clocking Effects on the Resonant Response of an Embedded Rotor." Presented at the 44th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Hartford, Connecticut, USA. July 21-23, 2008. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2008-4793.
  49. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., Fleeter, S., "An Experimental Study of Vane Clocking Effects on Embedded Compressor Stage Performance." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Volume 6: Turbomachinery, Parts A, B, and C. Berlin, Germany. June 9–13, 2008. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2008-51087.
  50. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., Fleeter, S., "An Investigation of the Flow Physics of Vane Clocking Using Unsteady Flow Measurements." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Volume 6: Turbomachinery, Parts A, B, and C. Berlin, Germany. June 9–13, 2008. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2008-51091.
  51. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., and Fleeter, S., "Vane Clocking in a Three-Stage Compressor – Frequency Domain Data Analysis." Presented at the 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. July 8-11, 2007. doi: 10.2514/6.2007-5060.
  52. Heister, S., Fleeter, S., Son, S., Anderson, W., Hrbud, I., Merkle, C., Key, N., and Qiao, L., "Propulsion Educational and Research Programs at Purdue University." Presented at the 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conferences. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. July 8-11, 2007. doi: 10.2514/6.2007-5149.
  53. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., and Fleeter, S., "Rotor Wake Variability in a Multistage Compressor." Presented at the 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit. Reno, Nevada, USA. Jan. 8-11, 2007. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2007-19.
  54. Arts, T., Ginibre, P., Oksuz, O., Iliopoulou, V., and Key, N.L., "Comparison of Turbine Tip Leakage Aero Thermal Flows for Flat Tip and Squealer Tip Geometries at High-Speed Conditions: Experimental and Numerical Investigation." Presented at the 6th European Turbomachinery Conference. Lille, France, March 7-11, 2005. ETC.
  55. Key, N.L., and Arts, T., "Comparison of Turbine Tip Leakage Flow for Flat Tip and Squealer Tip Geometries at High-Speed Conditions." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Volume 2: Turbo Expo 2004. Vienna, Austria. June 14–17, 2004. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2004-53979.
  56. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., and Fleeter, S., "Rotor Wake Variability in a Transonic Compressor Stage." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Volume 6: Turbo Expo 2004. Vienna, Austria. June 14–17, 2004. ASME. doi: 10.1115/GT2004-53486.
  57. Key, N.L., Lawless, P.B., and Fleeter, S., "Rotor Generated Vane Row Off-Design Unsteady Aerodynamics Including Dynamic Stall: Part I: Stator Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Investigation." Presented at the 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. July 7-10, 2002. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2002-3542.
  58. Key, N.L., "PIV Study of Negative Incidence Stator Unsteady Aerodynamics." Presented at the 40th Annual AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reno, Nevada, USA. Jan. 14-17, 2002. AIAA. doi: 10.2514/6.2002-14.


Patents

Patents Awarded
  1. Nicole Key & Yujun Leng, “Utilization of Fast-Response Pressure Measurements to Nonintrusively Monitor Blade Vibration in Axial Compressors,” Patent issued 12/14/21.

Provisional Patent Applications
  1. Nicole Key & Fangyuan Lou, “Compressor Stall Warning Using Nonlinear Feature Extraction Algorithms,” PRF Tracking Number 2019-LOU-68639-01, submitted 8/2/2019
  2. Nicole Key, Yujun Leng, Fangyuan Lou, Nicholas Joseph Kormanik, III, & Douglas Ryan Matthews, “Method for Reconstructing Non-Uniform Circumferential Flow in Gas Turbine Engines,” Application #: 63073029, submitted 9/1/2020.
  3. Nicole Key, Yujun Leng, Fangyuan Lou, Nicholas Joseph Kormanik, III, & Douglas Ryan Matthews, “Probe Placement Optimization in Gas Turbine Engines,” Application #: 63073024, submitted 9/1/2020.


Theses
  1. Coon, A.T., 2023, "Utilization of Additive Manufacturing in the Development of Stationary Diffusion Systems for Aeroengine Centrifugal Compressors," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  2. Dodda, J.R., 2023, "Reduced Order Modelling of Mistuned Interally Bladed Rotors," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  3. Beach, A., 2023, "An Experimental Investigation of Varied IGV Stagger Angle Effects on a High-Pressure Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  4. Shapochka, M.Y., 2022, "Stability Enhancement in Aeroengine Centrifugal Compressors Using Diffuser Recirculation Channels," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  5. Meier, M.A., 2022, "Unsteady Performance of an Aeroengine Centrifugal Compressor Vaned Diffuser at Off-Design Conditions," PhD Dissertation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  6. Bond, E.H., 2022, "Development of a Reduced Computational Model to Replicate Inlet Distortion in an APUT-Style Inlet of a Centrifugal Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  7. Dai, Y., 2022, "Modelling Considerations for a Transonic Fan," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  8. Kormanik, N.J., 2021, "Quantifying Heat Transfer Effects of a High-Speed, Multi-Stage, Axial Research Compressor," PhD Dissertation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  9. Brown, W.J. 2020, "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of the Performance of a High-Speed Centrifugal Compressor at Off-Design Conditions", MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  10. Fuehne, M., 2020, "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Tip Clearance Effects in a High-Speed Centrifugal Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  11. Gooding, W.J., 2020, "Unsteady Diffuser Flow in an Aeroengine Centrifugal Compressor," PhD Dissertation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  12. Harrison III, H.M., 2020, "Development and Validation of a New Method to Model Slip and Work Input for Centrifugal Compressors," PhD Dissertation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  13. Kamdar, N., 2018, "Computational Investigation of Cavity Leakage Flow and Windage Heating within an Axial Compressor Stator Well," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  14. Adkins-Rieck, R., 2018, "Additive Manufacturing for Aerodynamic Diffuser Designs in a Centrifugal Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  15. Matthews, D.R., 2017, "Unsteady Aerodynamics and Blade-row Interactions in the Embedded Stage of an Axial Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  16. Rusu, R., 2017, "Experimental Investigation of Inlet Distortion in a Multistage Axial Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  17. Wallace, J.N., 2017, "Aerodynamic Design of a Four-Stage Low-Speed Axial Compressor for Cantilevered Stator Research," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  18. Davis, C.A., 2017, "Mechanical Design Considerations for a Low-Speed Axial Compressor Research Facility," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  19. Kormanik III, N.J., 2017, "Characterization of Aerodynamic Forcing Functions for Embedded Rotor Resonant Response in a Multistage Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  20. Aye-addo, P.A.N., 2016, "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Vane Count and Non-Uniform Vane Spacing on Rotor Resonant Response," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  21. Methel, J.C., 2016, "An Experimental Comparison of Diffuser Designs in a Centrifugal Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  22. Lou, F., 2016, "A Study on Flow Development in an APU-Style Inlet and its Effect on Centrifugal Compressor Performance," PhD Dissertation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  23. Berdanier, R.A., 2015, "An Experimental Characterization of Tip Leakage Flows and Corresponding Effects on Multistage Compressor Performance," PhD Disseration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  24. Dolan, M.P., 2015, "Establishing Repeatable Operation of a Centrifugal Compressor Research Facility for Aerodynamic Investigations," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  25. Smith, N.R., 2015, "An Experimental Study on the Effects of Blade Row Interactions on Aerodynamic Loss Mechanisms in a Multistage Compressor," PhD Dissertation, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  26. Monk, D.J.W., 2014, "A Computational Analysis of the Aerodynamic and Aeromechanical Behavior of the Purdue Multistage Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  27. Heckaman, B.A., 2014, "Design of Optical Access for the Application of Laser Doppler Velocimetry in a Low Specific Speed Centrifugal Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  28. Murray III, W.L., 2014, "Experimental Investigation of a Forced Response Condition in a Multistage Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  29. Ball, P.R., 2013, "An Experimental and Computational Investigation on the Effects of Stator Leakage Flow on Compressor Performance," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  30. Morrison, E.S.S., 2013, "Development of a Three Dimensional Compressible Flow Calibration Facility for Thermal Anemometry," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  31. Brossman, J.R., 2012, "An Investigation of Rotor Tip Leakage Flows in the Rear-Block of a Multistage Compressor," PhD Dissertation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  32. Berdanier, R.A., 2012, "Design of a Multi-Stage Research Compressor for Cantilevered Stator Hub Clearance Flow Investigations," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  33. Miller, K.R., 2012, "Design of a Centrifugal Compressor Research Facility for Low Specific Speed Applications," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  34. Smith, N.R., 2011, "Experimental Investigation of Vane Clocking Effects on Stall Performance and Unsteady Van Boundary Layer Development in a Multistage Compressor," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  35. Talalayev, A., 2011, "On the Renovation of the Three-Stage Axial Compressor Research Facility for Compressor Performance Research," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  36. Fleming, R.M., 2010, "The Design and Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor Research Facility," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  37. Salontay, J.R., 2010, "A Computational Investigation of Vane Clocking Effects on Compressor Forced Response and Performance," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  38. Miller, K.L., 2009, "An Experimental Investigation of a Final HPC Stage Including Pre-Diffuser Performance," MS Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
  39. Ishak, N.H.Md., 2009, "Effects of Inlet Total Pressure Distortion on Fan Performance," MS Thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University.
  40. Key, N.L., 2007, "Vane Clocking Effects in an Embedded Compressor Stage," PhD Dissertation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.

High-Speed Compressor Research Laboratory, Purdue University