@article{2021_HuntEtAl_JFE,
    author = {Hunt, Steven A. and Migliorino, Mario Tindaro and Scalo, Carlo and Heister, Stephen D.},
    title = "{Onset Criteria for Bulk-Mode Thermoacoustic Instabilities in Supercritical Hydrocarbon Fuels}",
    journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},
    volume = {143},
    number = {4},
    year = {2021},
    month = {01},
    abstract = "{We have investigated supercritical-p (p \\> 1192 psi (8.22 MPa)) methanol at pressures up to 1645 psi (11.3 MPa) flowing through a heated tube at flow rates of 4–7 lb/h (1.8–3.2 kg/h). Tube heated lengths have been varied from 4 to 6 in (10 to 15 cm), internal diameters from 0.027 to 0.069 in (0.069 to 0.175 cm), and heat inputs between zero and 800 W. Fluid temperature at the tube inlet remained subcritical (T \\< 464 °F (513 K)); outlet temperatures were transcritical or supercritical. Two phenomena were observed: system-wide bulk-mode oscillations and localized acoustic modes. In this study, predictive efforts are undertaken to characterize system-wide bulk-mode oscillations. The parameter space has been nondimensionalized, yielding four dimensionless variables. Stability criteria based on these dimensionless groups have been established for two separate test articles and fluids; both criteria suggest that the heat required for the onset of oscillations is proportional to the mass flow rate times the mean pressure and inversely proportional to the fuel density.}",
    issn = {0098-2202},
    doi = {10.1115/1.4049401},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049401},
    note = {040903},
    eprint = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article-pdf/143/4/040903/6643342/fe\_143\_04\_040903.pdf},
}