Techniques for Measuring Moisture Content

The many techniques used to measure moisture content can be classified in a number of ways. In the following, they are grouped as direct methods, indirect methods, fast techniques (several hours to several minutes), and classical techniques.

Fast Techniques:
Microwave Oven
Halogen Moisture Analyzer
Distillation
Karl Fischer
Electrical Resistance
Electrical Capacitance
NIR
NMR
Infrared Heating

Direct Methods:
Convection Oven
Microwave Oven
Distillation
Karl Fischer
Halogen Moisture Analyzer
Infrared Heating

Indirect Methods:
Electrical Resistance
Electrical Capacitance
NMR
NIR

Classical Techniques:
Convection Oven
Karl Fischer